Term
-Theory and research evidence guide practice.
-Practice raises problems and questions to be addressed in theory and research.
-Research tests theory and practice, providing information about their validity and utility. |
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| Relationship between theory, research, and practice |
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| An approach to practice that assumes the active application of current, methodologically sound research to inform practice decisions and treatment options in light of a client’s preferences, expectations, and values. |
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| the proficiency and judgment that individual practitioners acquire through experience |
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| best available external clinical evidence |
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| —findings from high-quality, clinically applied research studies within the field’s scientific literature |
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| is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. |
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| a researcher, a practitioner, and a client |
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| The process of evidence-based occupational therapy practice involves collaboration of three distinct participants: |
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| Needs assessment research |
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| A systematic method of research in which an organization’s or individual’s existing status is measured against the desired status, through which the discrepancy allows for establishing priorities and goals |
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| —A type of research in which clinical theoretical models that guide therapeutic reasoning are examined and refined |
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The following are examples of what types of research
-Model of Human Occupation
-Biomechanical Model
-Cognitive-Perceptual Model |
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| Assessment research/psychometric research |
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| A type of research that evaluates a clinical assessment’s ability to be a reliable and valid measure of a hypothesized phenomenon through statistical rigor |
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| Assessment research/psychometric research |
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Definition
The following are examples of what types of research
-Reliability of measures over time and amid raters
-Validity of measure to correctly operationalize and quantify a phenomenon of interest |
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| A type of research that quantifies the effects or outcomes of a specified stimulus, intervention, or process. |
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The following are examples of what types of research
-Investigations of specific intervention strategies or techniques
-Studies of comprehensive occupational therapy programs
-Inquiries that examine the occupational therapy contribution to an interdisciplinary program of services |
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| Process research/formative research |
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Definition
| A type of research that identifies the underlying means (or process) through which change occurs because of an intervention. |
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| The processes by which an intervention stimulates change in an outcome or individual |
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1. Major methodological approach
2. Study design
3. Aim, or purpose, of the research |
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| Research is defined and classified in terms of: |
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| An approach to research through which theories are objectively tested using standardized and predetermined designs, measures, sampling approaches, and procedures. |
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| A structured statement used in research to identify an anticipated outcome or explain a phenomenon of interest |
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| Which research approach is demonstrated in the following example: Does adding weight/resistance added to UE improve coordination? |
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| With this approach to research, you are looking for some outcome with measurement. Almost ALWAYS contains a hypothesis because you expect something to happen with the research that you do |
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| An approach to research that aims to describe and explain individuals' subjective experiences, actions, interactions, and social contexts through various approaches. |
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| This approach to research is NOT trying to see if treatment has an effect or if relationship between 2 variables, an attempt to understand something. |
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| A method of investigation that examines the societal and cultural context that shapes meaning and behavior for an individual |
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| A method of investigation in which an individual’s significant subjective experience is described through first-person narrative |
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| A method of investigation that seeks to understand how people construct storied accounts of their and others’ lives and of shared events |
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Ethnography
Phenomenology
Narrative Inquiry |
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Definition
| 3 methods of qualitative research |
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Exploration of how deinstitutionalization influenced the daily lives of individuals with developmental disabilities.
Which qualitative method of research does this describe? |
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Example of Graham’s research on how a sense of place is created. You are going in pure, without looking at the research prior to doing your own. You should go in without any bias or pre-conceived ideas.
Which qualitative method of research does this describe? |
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My study of value nature and use of gardens in senior living. Understanding how people construct stories of their lives and shared events.
Which qualitative method of research does this describe? |
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| A systematic design in which subjects are assigned to one of two or more condition groups (and thereby have controlled exposure to the independent variable) through random assignment |
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| Quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
| A design in which subjects have controlled exposure to an independent variable; however, they are not randomized to a condition group (they either remain in a single group or are assigned to a group according to other criteria) |
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| The variable in a study that is manipulated and thus is expected to produce a measureable effect on other variables |
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| The variable in a study in which a specific outcome or effect is observed, or not observed |
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| Extraneous variables in a study that may have an effect on the dependent variable, thus introducing the risk of error in a study |
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| A condition group in which a group of subjects is assigned as a basis for comparison (who do not have exposure to the independent variable) |
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| A condition group in which subjects do have a level of exposure to the independent variable to determine the effect on the study’s dependent variable/s |
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| A research method in which either the investigator or the research subject are not aware/informed of the manipulated variable of study |
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| —A research method in which neither the investigator nor the research subject are aware/informed of the manipulated variable of study |
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| Placebo/placebo control groups— |
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| An experimental condition in which a proxy (which has no effect on the dependent variable) is administered instead of the independent variable |
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| The confounding impact that is caused by the psychological knowledge that a subject is receiving a treatment |
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| A design in which data is collected from a single group of subjects at various times before and after experimental manipulation of the independent variable |
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| Pretest–posttest nonequivalent group design |
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| —A design in which data is collected from multiple condition groups before and after exposure to an independent variable; however, they are not randomly assigned to their groups because of convenience or the circumstances of the study |
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| A research design in which data is collected from a single subject, or small number of subjects. |
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| is a qualitative or quantitative research design in which data collection is conducted outside of the laboratory and in the context of the phenomena of interest. |
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| A quantitative research design where data is collected in its original context (without experimental control/manipulation) through unbiased observations |
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| A nonexperimental research design in which data collection is conducted by questionnaire on a defined population of interest. |
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| A type of research that evaluates clinical assessments’ ability to be reliable and valid measures of their hypothesized phenomenon through statistical rigor. |
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| A psychometric that evaluates whether an instrument measures what it is intended to measure |
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| A psychometric that evaluates the stability of an instrument when administered across various circumstances |
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1. Basic
2. Applied
3. Transformative |
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Definition
| 3 underlying purposes of research |
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Investigations that seek to solve a practical problem or generate information specifically to inform practice, including evaluation of practice tools/strategies.
This type of research includes:
-Psychometric research
-Clinical-reasoning research
-Outcomes research |
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Definition
Investigations that are designed to bring about change in a practical situation or a specific context.
-Fosters self-reflection, mutual learning, participation, and empowerment
-Enables groups of people who are in some way marginalized, deprived, or oppressed to bring about change in their lives and communities |
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Term
1. Conducting a literature review
2. Generating the research problems and questions
3. Defining the research aims and hypotheses
4. Selecting the research methods
5. Writing the research proposal
6. Ensuring ethical research
7. Securing samples and performance sites
8. Implementing research procedures and collecting data
9. Organizing and analyzing data
10. Interpreting results and generating findings
11. Writing and disseminating findings |
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Definition
| Steps in research process (11) |
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| A written plan that organizes the research process in terms of a literature review, the research questions, and the research methodology that will be applied |
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A review process that ensures ethical standards are upheld in research, including:
-Subjects are protected from harm
-Subjects’ efforts and any risks involved are warranted by the study’s importance
-Subjects have freely given informed consent to participation |
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| The manner by which research findings are shared with others (e.g., presentations, posters, and published papers) |
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1. Rigor
2. A scientific attitude of skepticism and empiricism
3. Logical reasoning
4. Communality |
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Definition
| Characteristics of sound research |
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1. Research producers
-Doing the research and presenting it to others
2. Research collaborators
-Serving as subjects, collecting data, working with producers to help gather research/data
3. Research consumers
-Reading research, using it in practice, finding gaps in knowledge in practice
4. Research advocates
-Help fund/support research, lobbying politicians, etc. |
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Definition
| 4 research roles and what they include: |
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