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| involves any study with more than one independent variable |
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| a row & column arrangement that characterizes a factorial design and shows independent variables |
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a system of figures
(numbers, quantities, values) |
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| used to describe the overall effect of a single independent variable |
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| said to occur when the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV |
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| between-subjects design that uses a manipulated IV and has at least two groups of participants; subjects are matched on some variable assumed to affect outcome before being randomly assigned |
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| factorial design with at least one subject factor (P= person variable) and one manipulated factor (E= environmental variable) |
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| factorial design with at least one between-subjects factor and one within-subjects factor |
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| a mixed design with at least one subject factor and one manipulated factor |
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| a statistical measure of a relationship between two or more variables; gives an indication of how one variable may predict another |
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experiment conducted where an effort is made to impose control over all other variables except the one under study
(vs correlational research) |
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| relationship between variables X & Y such that a high score for X is associated with a high score for Y and a low score for X is associated with a low score for Y |
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| relation between variables X & Y such that a high score for X is associated with a low score for Y and a low score for X is associated with a high score for Y |
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measure of the size of a correlation between two variables.
Ranges from a perfect neg. corr. of +1.00 to a perfect pos. corr. of -1.00; if r=0, then no relationship exists between the variables |
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| a graph depicting the relationship shown by a correlation |
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| Coefficients of Determination |
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| for two correlated factors, the proportion of variance in one factor that can be attributed to the second factor; found by squaring Pearson's r |
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| knowing the size of a correlation and a value for variable X, it is possible to predict a value for variable Y |
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| refers to the fact that for a correlation between variables X & Y, it is possible X is causing Y, but it's also possible that Y i s causing X; the correlation alone provides no basis for deciding between the two alternatives |
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| prob;em of drawing casual conclusions in correlational research |
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| a multivariate analysis that includes a criterion and two or more predictor variables; the predictors will have different weights |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design |
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| same as true experimental design (manipulation of internal variable), except subjects are not randomly assigned |
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| Nonequivalent Control Groups Design |
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| participants cannot be randomly assigned to the experimental & control groups |
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| Interrupted Time Series Design |
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| a program or treatment is evaluated by measuring performance several times prior to the institution of the program and several times after the program has been put into effect |
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| descriptive method in which already existing records are examined to test some research hypothesis |
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| form of applied research that includes a number of research activities designed to evaluate programs from planning to completion |
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| occurs before a program begins and determines whether the program is needed |
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| monitors the functioning of a program while it is operating to determine if it is functioning as planned |
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| completed at the close of a program that attempts to determine its effectiveness in solving the problem for which it is planned |
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| Cost-Effectiveness Analysis |
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| assesses program outcomes in terms of the costs involved in developing, running, and completing the program |
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| Naturalistic Observation Study |
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| descriptive research method in which the behavior of people or animals is studied as it occurs in its everyday natural environment |
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| Participant Observation Study |
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| behavior of people is studied as it occurs in its everyday natural environment and the research becomes a part of the group being observed |
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| Problems with Observational Study? |
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Definition
1) Absence of Control
2) Observer Bias: can occur when preconceived ideas held by the researcher affect the nature of the observations made
- Operational Definitions: def. of a concept or variable in terms of precisely described operations, measures, or procedures
- Inter-Rater Reliability: degree of agreement among raters; gives a score of how much, or consensus, there is in the ratings given by judges
- Sampling Procedures: type of sample & sample design used to select the survey respondents to represent the population
* Time Sampling: behavior is sampled only during predefined times (Ex: every 10 minutes)
* Event Sampling: only certain types of behaviors occurring under precisely defined conditions are sampled
- Participant Reactivity: how participant reacts to the experimental situation (Ex: overly cooperative, overly defensive, or hostile)
- Ethical Concerns
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| encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents |
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| method of selecting research participants according to some systematic sampling procedure |
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1) Interviews
2) Phone Surveys
3) Electronic surveys
4) Creating effective surveys |
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Open-Ended: type of question found on surveys that requires more than a "yes" or "no"answer
Closed-Question: type of question found on surveys that can be answered with a "yes" or "no" or by marking a point on some scale |
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| very few subjects are used; provides a powerful way to look at individual behavior; subjects go through a series of manipulations and behavior is tracked |
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| Individual-Subject Validity |
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| the extent to which the general outcome of a research study characterizes the behavior of the individual participants in the study |
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Definition
1) Target Behavior: behavior to be changed
2) Baseline Phase: initial stage of a small N design, in which the behavior to be changed is monitored to determine its normal rate of response |
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| a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment period (B) |
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| a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment period (B) followed by a period in which the treatment is reversed or withdrawn (second A) |
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| like an A-B-A design except that a second treatment period is established (second B) |
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| treatment is introduced at staggered intervals when trying to alter (a) the behavior of more than one individual, (b) more than one behavior in the same individual, or (c) the behavior of an individual in more than one setting |
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| Criticism of small N designs |
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| Concerns reliance on rate of response as the dependent variable |
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| descriptive method in which an in-depth analysis is made of a single individual, a single rare event, or an even that clearly exemplifies some phenomenon |
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| Advantage of Case Study Designs |
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Definition
potential for the development of further research; can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases (quality information);
permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (unethical) situations |
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| Disadvantage of Case Study Designs |
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Definition
| inability to draw cause and effect relationships or test hypothesis; it is impossible to generalize findings to a wider population of people |
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| Limitations of Case Study Designs |
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Definition
| researcher's own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias); difficult to replicate; time consuming |
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