Term
| What is the purpose of research? |
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Definition
Interventions
Finding ones that have evidence they can work
Using findings of research studies to improve your practice
Documenting that your interventions are actually helping
Comparing the needs of clients from different ethnic backgrounds
Communities/Agencies
Finding out the most pressing needs
leading focus groups on an important topic and analyzing the responses
reading a published research report related to your client population or agency
convincing a funding agency that your job should be continued
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Term
| The Belmont Report (1978) |
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Definition
Cornerstone statement on ethical principles printed by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research |
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Term
| What are the three guiding principles for the protection of human subjects put forth in the Belmont report are why are they important? |
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Definition
Three principles:
Beneficence
Respect for persons
Justice |
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Term
| What is meant by vulnerable populations? Why do these groups need special protection? |
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Definition
Examples of vulnerable populations include prisoners, children, subordinates, decisionally impaired
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Term
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Definition
| Institutional Review Board |
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Term
| What are the possible levels of review for IRB? |
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Definition
Exempt – very little or no risk
Examples: research in educational settings, use of educational tests, use of existing data, interviews with public officials
Expedited – minimal risk, but not greater than in everyday life.
Examples: deidentified surveys or face-to-face interviews.
Full – moderate to increased risk; vulnerable populations
Examples: medication trials, breach of confidentiality risk
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Term
| How is a research question and how is it different from a hypothesis? |
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Definition
RESEARCH QUESTIONS ARE BROAD AND WILL GUIDE YOUR LITERATURE REVIEW. HYPOTHESES ARE MORE NARROW BECAUSE THEY ARE EDUCATED GUESSES ABOUT the RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIABLES IN RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
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Term
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Definition
| The independent variable is typically the variable being manipulated or changed |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that is the observed result of the independent variable being manipulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are experiments in which hypothesis from certain theories are tested and control or comparison groups are often used. |
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Term
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Definition
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a form of probability sampling that involves randomly sampling a larger unit containing the elemnts of interest and then sampling from these larger units the elements to be included in the final sample.
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Term
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Definition
| A means of testing an instrument's validity; It involves examining the extent to which an instrument measures a theoretical construct |
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Definition
| a method of testing an instrument's validity that involves ensuring that the content of the instrument corresponds to the concepts being measured. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Availability sampling |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of association used with interval or ratio level data |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a correlation exists between the measuring instrument and another standard |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of measuring behavior as it occurs at one point in time over a relatively short period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| studies that are intended to describe process occurring over time and thus conduct their observations over an extended period of time |
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Term
| Exploratory Research Studies |
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Definition
Become familiar with the basic facts, people, and concerns involved.
Develop a well-grounded mental picture of what is occurring.
Generate many ideas and develop tentative theories and conjectures.
Determine the feasibility of doing additional research.
Formulate questions and refine issues for more systematic inquiry.
Develop techniques and a sense of direction for future research. |
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Term
Descriptive Research Studies
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Definition
Provide an accurate profile of a group.
Describe a process, mechanism, or relationship.
Give a verbal or numerical picture (e.g., percentages).
Find information to stimulate new explanations.
Create a set of categories or classify types.
Clarify a sequence, set of stages, or steps.
Document information that confirms or contradicts prior beliefs about a subject |
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Term
Explanatory Research Studies
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Definition
Determine the accuracy of a principle or theory.
Find out which competing explanation is better.
Link different issues or topics under a common general statement.
Build and elaborate a theory so it becomes more complete.
Extend a theory or principle into new areas or issues.
Provide evidence to support or refute an explanation. |
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Term
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Definition
| people are to be treated in an ethical manner by respecting their decisions, protecting them from harm, and also by making efforts to secure their well-being; the two general rules are to do no harm and to maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms |
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Term
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Definition
| discusses how possible burdens and benefits should be distributed; each person should be treated equally when also taking into account an equal share, individual need, individual effort, societal contribution, and merit |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals are regarded as being autonomous agents, meaning that they make their own decisions without being influenced or coerced; protection of rights also exists to those without autonomy (kids) |
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Term
information component of informed consent
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Definition
| a form is reviewed with participants that lays out all aspects of the study, including the purpose, topics that will be covered, possible harms, incentives, and remuneration |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of all individuals of interest in a particular study |
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Term
stratified random sampling
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Definition
| members are divided into homogeneous sub groups before sampling called strata and every population is assigned to one larger stratum |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly used in difficult to reach populations; locate a few people, have them give you the names of other people, have these people give you the names of other people and so on |
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Term
| Research has three purposes |
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Definition
| objectively describe, empirically evaluate effectivness of services and validly explain |
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Term
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Definition
Middle point in a distribution
insensitive to extreme scores |
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Term
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Definition
most frequent occurring score
use with nominal data |
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Term
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Definition
| true differences between means is zero and only comes from sampling errors |
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Definition
| yields a probability that a given null hypothesis is correct |
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Definition
| a research purpose which provides a beginning familiarity with a topic |
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Definition
| a research purpose which seeks to describe situations & events; can follow a quantitative or qualitative research process |
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Definition
| a research purpose which seeks to explain things |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high) |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing information about direction and magnitude of difference between people who obtain different scores on the variable --> construct of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between two numbers on a scale |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonprobability sampling where people are selected to match prespecified population characteristics so the total sample will have the same characteristic distribution that is believed to exist in the population being studied |
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Term
Often in clinical studies, what is the independent and the dependent variable?
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Definition
Independent = Treatment
Dependent = Outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which an effect observed in a dependent variable was actually caused by the independent variable and not other factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Selecting People like ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Errors made in ways the questions are asked or not asked( assumptions are made) |
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Term
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Definition
- not understanding the question or not knowing (giving inaccurate info)
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Definition
unscientific because there is no way of knowing how accurate or representative their findings are for the larger population. |
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Term
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Definition
chosen when the respondents had to have certain characteristics in common in order to be selected for an interview _ Men sentenced to Life Without Parole Trashpickers study |
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Term
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Definition
Trends in the population can be observed by taking a look at a smaller sample if there are enough individuals and sampling bias is controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scientifically selected samples that are meticulously chosen. |
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Term
| Simple Random Sampling Design |
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Definition
| Each sampling unit in the population has the same probability of being chosen |
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Term
| One stage cluster sampling |
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Definition
| divide the larger population into one type of cluster |
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Term
| Two stage cluster sampling |
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Definition
| divide the one cluster division into smaller groups |
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Term
| Multi Stage Cluster Sampling Design |
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Definition
| prior research ahead of picking the sampling design helps to identify targeted subgroups within populations to best answer the research questions |
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Term
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Definition
At the end of World War II, 23 Nazi doctors and scientists were put on trial for the murder of prisoners used as research subjects, 15 convicted, 7 sentenced to death. Included in the legal sentencing were required elements for conducting research with humans:
Informed consent without coercion is essential
- Research should be based on prior animal work
- The risks should be justified by the anticipated benefits
- Only qualified scientists must conduct research
- Physical and mental suffering must be avoided
- Research in which death or disabling injury is
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Term
| What guidelines are set forth to protect research subjects? |
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Definition
Must be volunteers
Informed Consent
Protection from harm
Protection of sensitive information |
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Term
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Definition
| Is based on research evidence, the experience of the clinician/social worker, and what matches best with the client’s needs and preferences. |
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Term
| Steps in evidence based process |
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Definition
1. Formulate a question
2. Review the existing evidence (research)
3. Evaluate the existing research
4. Select and implement an intervention
5. monitor the client's progress |
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Term
| The objective process (Scientific Method) |
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Definition
1. Pose a question
2. Gather info and conduct a literature review
3. Formulate a hypothesis
4. Conceptualize the study
5. Collecting and Analyzing
6. Writing the report
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Term
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Definition
| precision in describing the concepts employed in the study consistency in the definitions makes replication of study findings possible |
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Term
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Definition
Inductive reasoning works the opposite way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.
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Term
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Definition
Deductive reasoning happens when a researcher works from the more general information to the more specific. Sometimes this is called the “top-down” approach because the researcher starts at the top with a very broad spectrum of information and they work their way down to a specific conclusion
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Term
| What is the importance o eliminating bias in your findings? |
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Definition
| studies free from bias have a greater generalizability |
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Term
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Definition
| is concerned with the ability to repeat or reproduce the measurements or observations that are made during a study |
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Term
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Definition
| to determine stability researchers will often administer a scale to the same group on more than one occasion |
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Term
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Definition
| a desired high rate of agreement or similarity in the way they code |
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Term
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Definition
| Validity research demonstrates how a scale performs identifying its limitations and it's strengths. |
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Term
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Definition
| is obtained when theoretically relevant variables demonstrate a relationship with the measure. |
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Term
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Definition
| the researcher hopes to find now relationship between the instrument's measurements and variables that show not in theory be related to the construct. |
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