Term
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Definition
| when the influence of an extraneous variable is different for the various groups |
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Term
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Definition
| if groups are equivalent on every variable except for one, then that one variable is the cause of the difference between the groups |
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Term
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Definition
| control technique that equates groups of participants by ensuring every member an equal chance of being assigned to any group |
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Term
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Definition
| randomly assigning a sample of individuals to a specific number of comparison groups |
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Term
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Definition
| using any of a variety of techniques for equating participants on one or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| the extraneous variable used in matching |
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Term
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Definition
| a matching technique that matches participants on the basis of the temporal sequence of administering an event |
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Term
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Definition
| control of measured extraneous variables during data analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| a matching technique in which each participant is matched with another participant on selected variables |
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Term
| frequency distribution control |
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Definition
| a matching technique that matches groups of participants by equating the overall distribution of the chosen variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used to control for sequencing effects |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequencing effect arising from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered to participants |
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Term
| randomized counterbalancing |
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Definition
| sequence order is randomly determined for each individual |
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Term
| intrasubject counterbalancing |
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Definition
| administering the treatment conditions to each individual in more than one order |
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Term
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Definition
| administering different sequences to different groups of participants |
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Term
| complete counterbalancing |
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Definition
| enumerating all possible sequences and requiring different groups of participants to take each of the sequences |
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Term
| incomplete counterbalancing |
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Definition
| enumerating fewer that all possible sequences and requiring different groups of participants to take each of the sequences |
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Term
| differential carryover effect |
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Definition
| a treatment condition affects participants' performance in a later condition in one way and in another way when followed by a different condition |
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Term
| double blind placebo method |
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Definition
| neither the experimenter nor the research participant is aware of the treatment condition administered to the participant |
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Term
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Definition
| giving the participant a bogus rationale for the experiment |
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Term
| retrospective verbal report |
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Definition
| an oral report in which the participant retrospectively recalls aspects of the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| an interview of the participant after the experiment is over |
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Term
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Definition
| a participant's oral report of the experiment, which is obtained as the experiment is being performed |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of participants who are stopped and interviewed at different stages of the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| obtaining a participant's perceptions of the experiment after completion of each trial |
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Term
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Definition
| a method that requires participants to verbalize their thoughts as they are performing the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| the biasing influence that can be exerted by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| a method whereby knowledge of each research participant's treatment is kept from the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| a method whereby knowledge of each participant's treatment is kept from the experimenter through as many stages of the experiment as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| the technique of totally automating the experimental procedure so that no experimenter-participant interaction is required |
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Term
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Definition
| the outline, plan, or strategy used to investigate the research problem |
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Term
| weak experimental designs |
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Definition
| designs that do not control for many extraneous variables and provide weak evidence of cause and effect |
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Term
| one‐group posttest‐only design |
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Definition
| administration of a posttest to a single group of participants after they have been given an experimental treatment condition |
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Term
| one group pretest/posttest design |
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Definition
| design in which a treatment condition is interjected between a pretest and posttest of the dependent variable |
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Term
| posttest‐only design with nonequal groups |
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Definition
| design in which the performance of an experimental group is compared with that of a nonequivalent control group at the posttest |
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Term
| strong experimental designs |
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Definition
| designs that effectively control extraneous variables and provide strong evidence of cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the group of participants that does not receive the active treatment condition and serves as a standard of comparison for determining whether the treatment condition produced any causal effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the group of participants that receives the treatment condition that is intended to produce an effect |
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Term
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Definition
| what the experimental group particpants' responses would have been if they had NOT received the treatment |
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Term
| between participants designs |
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Definition
| groups are produced by random assignment, and the different groups are exposed to the different levels of the independent variable |
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Term
| posttest‐only control group design |
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Definition
| administration of a posttest to two or more randomly assigned groups of participants that receive the different levels of the independent variable |
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Term
| pretest‐posttest control group design |
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Definition
| administration of a posttest to two or more randomly assigned groups of participants after the groups have been pretested and administered the different levels of the independent variables |
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Term
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Definition
| situation where participants' pretest scores on the dependent variable are too high to allow for additional increases |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical procedure in which group means are compared after adjusting for pretest differences (ANCOVA) |
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Term
| within participants designs |
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Definition
| all participants receive all conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for within participants design |
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Term
| within participants posttest only designs |
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Definition
| all participants receive all conditions, and a posttest is administered after each condition is administered |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more independent variables are studied to determine their separate and joint effects on the dependent variable |
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Term
| between participants variable |
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Definition
| type of independent variable where different participants receive different levels of the independent variable |
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Term
| within participants variable |
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Definition
| type of independent variable where all participants receive all levels of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the average score of the participants in a single cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the average score of all participants receiving one level of an independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the joint, combined, or "interactive" effect of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable varies with the different levels of the other independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a two way interaction that changes at the different levels of the third independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the influence of one independent variable on the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment that is conducted on a few participants prior to the actual collection of data |
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Term
| postexperimental interview |
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Definition
| an interview with the participant following completion of the experiment, during which all aspects of the experiment are explained and the participant is allowed to comment on the study |
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Term
| Quasi‐Experimental Designs |
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Definition
| a research design in which an experimental procedure is applied but all extraneous variables are not controlled |
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Term
| nonequivalent comparison group design |
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Definition
| a quasi-experimental design in which the results obtained from nonequivalent experimental and control groups are compared |
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Term
| Outcome I: Increasing treatment and control groups |
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Definition
| an outcome in which the experimental and the control groups differ at pretesting and both increase from pre- to posttesting but the experimental group increases at a faster rate |
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Term
| Outcome II: first increasing treatment |
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Definition
| an outcome in which the experimental and the control groups differ at pretesting, and only the experimental group's scores change from pre- to posttesting |
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Term
| Outcome III: 2nd increasing treatment |
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Definition
| an outcome in which the control group performs better than the experimental group at pretesting, but only the experimental group improves from pre- to posttesting |
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Term
| Outcome IV: crossover effect |
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Definition
| an outcome in which the control group performs better at pretesting but the experimental group performs better at posttesting |
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Term
| interrupted time‐series design |
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Definition
| a quasi-experimental design in which a treatment effect is assessed by comparing the pattern of pre- and posttest scores for a single group of research participants |
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Term
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Definition
| autoregressive integrated moving average (statistical analysis method for interrupted time series design studies) |
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Term
| regression discontinuity design |
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Definition
| a design that assigns participants to groups based on their scores on an assignment variable and assesses the effect of a treatment by looking for a discontinuity in the groups' regression lines |
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Term
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Definition
| measure used to assign participants to experimental and control groups. those with scores below the cutoff score are assigned to one group, and those with scores above the cutoff are assigned to the other group |
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Term
| selection maturation effect |
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Definition
| participants in one group experience a different rate of maturation than participants in another group |
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Term
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Definition
| an extraneous event occurring between the pretest and posttest influences participants in one group differently than participants in another group |
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Term
| selection instrumentation effect |
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Definition
| participants' scores in one group are affected by the process of measurement differently than participants in another group |
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Term
| selection attrition effect |
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Definition
| participants that drop out of one group are dissimilar to those in another group |
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Term
| selection regression effect |
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Definition
| participants in one group display a different rate of regression to the mean than participants in another group |
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Term
| single‐case research design |
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Definition
| research design in which a single participant or a single group of individuals is used to investigate the influence of a treatment condition |
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Term
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Definition
| a single-case design in which the response to the treatment condition is compared to baseline responses recorded before and after treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| the target behavior of the participant in its naturally occurring state or prior to presentation of the treatment condition |
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Term
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Definition
| change of behavior back to baseline level after withdrawal of treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| extension to ABA design to include reintroduction of the treatment condition |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of the treatment condition |
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Term
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Definition
| a design in which the treatment condition is applied to an alternative but incompatible behavior so that a reversal in behavior is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| single-case design used to identify interaction effects |
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Term
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Definition
| a single-case design in which the treatment condition is successively administered to several target participants, target outcomes, or target settings |
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Term
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Definition
| violation of design assumption in which changing one target (participant, outcome, or setting) produces changes in the remaining targets |
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Term
| changing criterion design |
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Definition
| a single-case design in which a participant's behavior is gradually shaped by changing the criterion for success during successive treatment periods |
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Term
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Definition
| in single-case research, repeated demonstration that a behavioral change occurs when the treatment is introduced |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstration that the treatment condition has eliminated a disorder or has improved everyday functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| determination by others that the treatment condition has significantly changed the participant's functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a social validation method in which the participant is compared with nondeviant peers |
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Term
| subjective evaluation method |
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Definition
| a social validation method in which others' views of the participants are assessed to see whether those others perceive a change in behavior |
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