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| a theory of knowledge that states knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience |
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| knowledge obtained from an authority figure based on complete trust (subgroup of "the method of authority") |
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| information is accepted as true because it makes sense, seems plausible, feels right, etc. |
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| ideas accepted as being true because they've been around for a long time and/or are based on superstition |
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| knowledge acquired through logical reasoning (inductive reasoning) |
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| a systematic way of examining a specific issue or problem; series of techniques for acquiring new knowledge and correcting previous knowledge |
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| making a generalization based on a few observations |
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| beginning with a general observation to make a prediction about a specific situation |
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| solving a problem using acquired knowledge |
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| understanding a particular phenomenon |
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statement or series of statements that:
-organize and explain observations/ideas
-predict events not yet observed |
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| explains many results with few concepts |
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| different occasions give the same results |
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| must be able to be tested empirically |
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presumed unobservable internal mechanisms that account for externally observed behaviors
ex. anxiety, stress, motivation |
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| precise description of what you measure, how and when you will measure it |
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| measures what it is supposed to measure |
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| face, concurrent, predictive, internal, external |
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| makes intuitive sense at first glance, "face value" |
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| the strength of the relationship between two variables |
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| if something has internal validity, you can safely say "the changes in X caused observable changes in Y |
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| same results with different populations and settings |
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| the correlation between the new measurement of a construct and already-established measurements of that same construct |
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| applications of the same conditions bring the same results |
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| no order, used for categorization |
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| has order, used for ranking |
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| has order, magnitude, equal intervals between values, but no true zero point |
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| has order, magnitude, equal intervals between values, true zero point |
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| people who pretend to be participants |
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| the state of being secret |
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| (of a person) not being identified by name |
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| a group sharing some common characteristic(s) |
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| based on random sampling; everyone in the population has equal chance of getting selected |
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| types of probability sampling |
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| simple random, systematic, stratified, proportionate stratified, multistage, cluster |
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| convenience, purposive, quota, snowball |
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| the relationship between two or more variables; describes the direction and degree of the relationship |
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| line of best fit (drawn through the points on a scatterplot) |
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| the degree of association between two variables |
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| how the strength of the correlation is expressed if the variables are either ratio or interval |
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| how the strength of the correlation is expressed if tone of the variables is ordinal and the other is either ordinal and higher |
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| the percent of changes in one variable causing changes in the other |
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| formula for shared variance |
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| way of using association between variables as a method of prediction; one variable is the predictor, the other is criterion |
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| measures variables as they naturally exist |
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| types of description research |
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| observational research, survey, case study |
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| types of observational methods |
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| behavioral research, content analysis, archival research |
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| direct observation and systematic recording of behaviors |
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| examination of behavior in media |
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| examination in history to measure behaviors and events that have already happened |
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| types of observation research studies |
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| naturalistic, participant, contrived |
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| questionnaires (only what) and interviews (what/why) |
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| types of close-ended questions |
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| dichotomous, rating scale, checklist, semantic differential scale, likert scale |
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| in depth examination of one or more individuals of interest |
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