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| gathers data in numerical form which can be put into categories, or in rank in order. Data can be used to construct graphs and tables. Wants to know the relationship between variables. Level of measurements. |
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| gathers information that is not numerical. Examples are diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews, and unstructured observations. Reality is subjective without bias and not about variables. Data is typically descriptive data and is harder to analyze. Ask for ppls stories. |
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| A system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general priniciples independent of the thing to be explained. An idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action. Much bigger than hypothesis. |
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| organization of a research paper |
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intro
methodology-participants-procedures-instruments
results
intervention
discussion
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| quantitative research question |
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| what is the relationship between variable 1 and variable 2. |
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| how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids cofounding (more than one possible independent variable [cause] acting at the same time). The less chance for cofounding in the study the higher the.... |
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| it is the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized to other situations and to other ppl. |
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| extent to which the instrument measures what it is intended to meaure. |
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| an extraneus variable that correlates directly or indirectly with both the dependent and indepedent variable. whatever variable could cause a change in dependent variable. |
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| originating in or based on observation or experience alone without due regard for system or theory. |
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| moral prinicples that govern a person's or group's behavior. |
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| researcher does not know the names of the participants |
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| researcher knows the identity of the participants but does not reveal the names. |
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| Permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences. Typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risk. Given before participation in a clinical study after acheiving an understanding of the relevant medical facts and risk involved. |
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| done, given or acting of one's own free will. |
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| refers to an individual acting in more than one role. ethical issue. |
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| does the benefit out way the harm |
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| a system of methods or procedures used in a particular area of study or activity. science of how we know what we know. |
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| an element, feature, or factor that is liable to change, not always the same. |
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| nominal level of measurement |
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| of a role or status existing in name only, not actual or real, a statement giving the meaning of a name, word, or expression. completely lacking in operational utility. |
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| ordinal level of measurement |
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| of or relating to a things positioned in a series, the order type of a well ordered set. |
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| a space in between objects, points, or units, especially when making uniform amounts of separation. could say values are equally split. |
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| relationship between two numbers of the same kind (objects, persons, students, units of whatever identical dimensions) expressed as 'a' to 'b' or a:b |
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| most accurate. subjects are randomly assigned to the treatment conditions. the only difference in the groups is due to chance. excellent for showing cause and effect relationships. high in internal validity. it is clear what is being measured. variables associated with individuals ar not a source of constant error. |
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| random assignment, take measurement, treatment, take measurement |
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random assignment, take measure, take measure.
--control |
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| baseline measure. a group of subjects that closely resemble the treatment group but are not receiving treatment or factor under study thereby serving as the comparison group. Used for comparitive studies |
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| the group that is receiving the experimental manipulation. Used for comparitive studies |
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| empirical study used to estimate the casual impact of an intervention on its target population. not randomly assigned. |
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| any group of data which indicates all the data you are interested in. can be small or large. |
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| report about one's behavior provided by the one who is the subject of the research. |
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| data collection tool used to gather information about indviduals. commonly used to collect self-report data from study participants |
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| face to face meeting of people for consultation |
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| the action or process of viewing someone carefully in order to gain information. |
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| data that is not obtained directly |
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- self-report
- survey
- interview
- observation
- second hand data
- records
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- cross-sectional
- longitudinal
- pretest
- post test
- baseline
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| can compare different population groups at a single point in time. |
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| several observations of the same subjects over a period of time. |
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| a preliminary test administered to determine the baseline. |
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| used to measure the effectiveness of treatment or program |
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| a starting point used for comparision |
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| used to describe the basic features of the data in the study. cannot make conclusions beyond what the data reveals. simply a way to describe data. |
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| used to make generalizations from the sample to the population. allows us to draw conclusions based on the data. used to make adjustments of probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in the study. |
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| smaller section of the sample |
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| standard deviation-average amount of scores that deviate from the mean. used to quaify the amount of variation of a set f values of the mean. |
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| probabilitiy- helps determine the significance of your results. difference is great enough so there is not a sampling error. |
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| the range of values above and below the sample statistics. deals with %. |
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| an error that arises as a result of taking a sample from the population rather than doing th whole population. deals with mean. |
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average
ex: 0,0,1,1,3,4,5,5,5=24/9=2.67 |
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half score
ex: 0,0,1,1,3,4,5,5,5 =3 |
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score that has the highest frequency
ex: 0,0,1,1,3,4,5,5,5=5 |
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| an estimate of the population parameters, observed interval (calculated from the observation), different from sample to sample, frequently includes the paramenters of interest if the experiment is repeated |
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| discusses published information in a particulr field area, can be a simple summary or recap of information from different sources, could give a new interpretation of old data or combine new with old. |
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| also known as pur research- is driven by curiosity and a desire to expand knowledge. Enhances understanding. |
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| is used to answer a specific question that has direct application. this type of research solves problems |
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| specific area of research. extend or to challenge current knowledge, theories, or assumptions. grounds for sudy emerges from the review or evaluations of other work in the field. found at the end of the intro. |
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| boh go up or both go down |
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| one goes up and one goes down |
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| 3 questions statistics can answer |
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1. what is the relationship
2. direction of relationship
3. is group differences statistically significant |
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| a proposed explanation, educated guess |
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| nondirectional hyposthesis |
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| predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable but the direction of effect is not specified. |
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| is a prediction made by researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship from one variable to another. |
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| refers to a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between the two measured variables. |
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| operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed. |
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| is an evaluation of work done by one or more people in similar competence to the person who produced the work |
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| personal statistics such as SES, gender, age, education |
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| the extent to which an experiment, test, or measure procedure yields the same result on repeated trials. stability |
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| 3 aspects of a casual argument |
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- a before b
- a correlated to b
- explanation for relationship
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- interpretivist paradigm- reality is how you inerpret it, its subjective not bias
- sampling
- nonprobablity sampling-purposive, convenient, snowball, available
- data collection-observation, interview, artifacts, eavesdropping, records, letters, postcards
- results-- categories, themes
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| institutional review board- goes over research to ensure it is ethical |
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| descriptive vs. inferential statistics |
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descriptive is all about the sample
inferential infers from sample to larger population |
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