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| Originating in or based on observation or experience, relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system or theory. You believe what you can see. |
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| the action or process of viewing someone carefully in order to gain information. Something someone has seen, heard or noticed. |
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| someone who is not a part of the program |
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| someone who is already a part of the program. |
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| subjects are measured in terms of dependent variable which is called prestesting, exposed to stimulus representing an independent variable, and then re-meausred in termd on the dependent variable which is called posttesting. |
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| random assignment, control group, and treatment group. ROXO, RO_O |
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| is the group of subjects to whom the experiment stimulus is administered in the experimentation. |
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| deduced from a theory. About the relationship between variables, a proposed explanation, educated guess. |
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| Nondirectional hypothesis |
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| predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable . |
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| is the prediction made by researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship from one variable to another. |
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| refers to a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured variables. |
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| an element, feature, or factor that is liable to change, not always the same. category with subcategories. |
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Is a method of sampling that involves random selection. You must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in the population have equal chance of being selected.
random
stratified random |
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| method of selecting 'n' units from a population of size 'N' such that every possible sample size has equal chance of being drawn. |
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Is a mini-reproduction of the population. before sampling the population is divided into characteristics of importance for the research.
Ex: by gender, social class, education level, religion, etc. then the populatio is randomly sampled within each category. |
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does not involve random sampling
Purposive
convenient
snowball
quota
available |
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| selection is based on the knowledg of the population for the purpose of the study. |
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| subjects are selected based their easy accessibility and proximity to the researcher, implies a dual relationship |
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| is acheived by asking a participant to suggest someone else who might be willing or appropriate for the study. |
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| researcher diliberately sets the proportions of levels or strata within the sample. This generally done to ensure the inclusion of a particular segment of the population. The proportions may or may not differ dramaically from the actual proportion in the population. |
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| Method used to chose subjecs that are easy to find. Also know as haphazard or accidental sampling. |
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| a description of components in a dield and how they relate to one another. A system of ieads intended to explain something. An idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action. |
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| goal you want to reach, what is acceptable, specific score |
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| where you start at, a starting point for comparison |
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measurement that tellss you how well you are doing, tells you how to improve, anything that measures something about the process, everything that leads up to the outcome measure.
Ex: student evaluation and course evaluation |
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looks at the final result
Ex: signature assignments and self efficacy reports |
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baseline measure. group that does not receive the treatment or manipulation in the experiment
RO_O |
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The group that is receiving the experimental manipulation. Used for compartive studies.
ROXO |
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Explore (qualitative)
Describe ( quanititative)
Explain (quantitative)
Evaluate ( qualitative or quantitative) |
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| Classical Experiemntal Design |
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| random assignment to control and treatment conditions. Has independent and dependent variables, pretest and postest. Also a true experiment. ROXO, RO_O |
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| Naturally occurring error that arises as a reult of taking a sample from the population rather than using the whole population. the larger the sample the smaller the.... |
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| means that the difference between groups is large enugh to rule out sampling error. They do not overlap. |
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| the larger the sample the better because larger samples tend to be more similar to the population from which they are drawn. small samples can miss important information. |
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| Nominal level of measurement |
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role or status existing in name only, not actual or real, a statemet giving the name, words, or expression. completely lacking in operational utility.
Ex: gender, Ethnicity- can not be put in order |
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| Ordinal level of measurement |
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of or relating to things in position in a series, the order type of a well ordered set.
categories |
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| Interval level of measrement |
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| a space between objects, points, or units, especially making uniform amounts of separation. Does not have a true zero. |
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| Ratio level of meaurement |
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contains true numbers, has a true absolute zero, might have a total score, is the top of the level of measure
Ex. weight |
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| purpose.. is it a success or failure |
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| purpose is to find out what can be done to improve. |
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Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
References |
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| What is in the introduction? |
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| Lit. Review- starts with problem, then logic or theory, then what do we know, intervention, gap in knowledge, and research question. |
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What is in the methodology section? |
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| how was the sample obtained (probability or non-probability), participants, instruments, assessment, procedure, intervention/treatment. |
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| What is in the results section? |
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Answers,
Participants outcomes, answers to specific questions, statistics, tables, graphs. |
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| What is in the discussion? |
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| Big results in laymen terms, results in context to other studies, limitations, recommended uses. |
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| What is in the references? |
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| Research articles cited in the paper. |
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