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| Research designed to investigate real world problems or improve the quality of life |
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| A prediction made about the outcome of a study before data are collected |
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| Research designed to understand psychological processes without regard for whether that understanding will be immediately applicable in solving real-world problems |
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| Research designed to examine the nature of the relationship between two measures variables |
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| The practice of relying on observation to draw conclusions about the world |
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| Research designed to test whether certain variables cause changes in behavior, thoughts or feelings; in an experiment the researcher assigns participants to conditions and manipulates at least one independent variable |
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| A proposition that follows logically from a theory; a prediction regarding the outcome of a study |
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| An explanation of how a particular process occurs |
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| Failing to obtain a statistically significant effect in a study |
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| An explanation offered for a set of findings after the data are collected and analyzed |
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| Claims of knowledge that are couched in the trappings of science but that violate the central criteria of scientific investigation, such as systematic empiricism, public verification, and testability |
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| The requirement that a hypothesis must be capable of being falsified |
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| Quasi-experimental research |
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| Research in which the researcher cannot assign participants to conditions or manipulate the independent variable |
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| Set of propositions that attempts to explain the relationships among a set of concepts |
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| Numbers that summarize and describe the behavior of participants in a study (mean and standard deviation) |
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Effect size
The strength of the relationship two or more variables, usually expressed as the proportion of variance in one variable that can be accounted for by another variable |
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| The portion of the total variance in a set of data that remains unaccounted for after systematic variance is removed; variance that is unrelated to the variables under investigation in a study |
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| Mathematical analyses that allow researchers to draw conclusions regarding the reliability and generalizability of their data (t-tests and f-tests) |
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| The mathematical average of a set of scores |
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| A statistical procedure used to analyze and integrate the results of many individual studies on a single topic |
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| A measures of variability that is equal to the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a set of data |
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| The portion of the total variance in a set of scores that is related in an orderly, predictable fashion to the variables the researcher is investigating |
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| The total variability in a set of data; calculated by subtracting the mean from each score, squaring the differences and summing them |
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| The total sum of squares divided by the number of squares minus 1 |
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| The degree to which scores in a set of data differ or vary from one another |
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| A numerical index of the variability in a set of daga |
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| An index of the direction and magnitude of the relationship between two variables; |
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| The extent to which a measurement procedure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure |
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| An entity that cannot be directly observed but that is inferred on the basis of observable evidence (intelligence, status, anxiety) |
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| The deviation of a participant's observed score from his/her true score |
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| A measure on which the numbers assigned to participants' characteristics are merely labels |
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| A measure on which the numbers assigned to participants' responses reflect the rank order of participants from highest to lowest |
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| A measurement on which scores possess all of the characteristics of real numbers, including a true zero point |
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| The consistency of dependability of a measuring technique; inversely related to measurement error (i.e., the more measurement error, the less reliability the model has) |
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| A measure on which participants provide information about themselves |
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| The characteristic of a test that is not equally valid for different groups of people |
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| The hypothetical score that a participant would obtain if the attribute being measured could be measured without error |
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| The extent to which a measurement procedure actually measures what it is intended to measure |
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| The tendency for some people to agree with statements regardless of their content |
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| Research in which data are analyzed from existing records, such as census reports, court records, or personal letters |
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| Procedures used to convert written or spoke information into data that can be analyzed and interpreted |
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| The amount of time that elapses between a particular event and a behavior |
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| The tendency for some participants to disagree with statements on questionnaires or in interviews regardless of the content |
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| Social Desirability Response Bias |
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| The tendency for people to distort their responses in a manner that portrays them in a positive light |
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