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Research Methods
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118
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/25/2014

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Term
APA Format
Definition
(look at notes)
Term
Alternate Hypothesis
Definition
same as maintained hypothesis
Term
Alternate Hypothesis
Definition
same as maintained hypothesis
Term
Applied Research
Definition
-designed to solve real-world problems
-hypothesis come from theory, previous research, and observations in the real world
Ex: (a neurologist who is searching for the orgins of Alzheimer's disease
Term
Archival Data Collecting
Definition
routinely gathered records of a society, community, or organization and may further supplement other qualitative methods.
Term
Basic Research
Definition
theoretical- knowledge for knowledge's sake
-little emphasis on real world application
Ex: (a neurologist who studies the brain to learn about its general workings
Term
Behavioral Measures
Definition
ways to study overt actions and observable, recordable reactions.
Term
Between Subjects Design
Definition
each participant participates in one and only one group
Term
Between Subjects Design
Definition
each participant participates in one and only one group
Term
Case Studies
Definition
-Intensive study of particular individuals and their behaviors
-can be conducted for a group of individuals, such as an agency or institution
-Intensive observation of an individual's naturalistic behavior or set of behaviors
-often exploratory studies, learning about a behavior that little is know about it
Term
Case Studies
Definition
-intensive study of particular individuals and their behaviors
-can be conducted for a group of individuals, such as an agency or institution
-intensive observation of an individual's naturalistic behavior or set of behaviors
-often exploratory studies, learning about a behavior that little is known about it
Term
Case Study Strengths
Definition
real life situations
advances a field's knowledge base
flexible
Term
Case Study Weaknesses
Definition
difficult to generalize
-too subjective
Costly
Time Consuming
Term
Concurrent Validity
Definition
results agree with those of an established test
Term
Construct Validity
Definition
measures what it was designed to measure
Ex: if measuring height.... tape measure has high construct validity. A scale has low construct validity.
Term
Content Validity
Definition
does the measure include a representative sample of the behaviors that are relevant to the variable?
Term
Continuous
Definition
Hypothetically values can fall ANYWHERE along a continuum
-0,1,2.067,7.5
Term
Continuous
Definition
Hypothetically values can fall ANYWHERE along a continuum
-0,1,2.067,7.5
Term
Convenience Sampling
Definition
probability of choosing an individual is NOT known
-not all members of population are considered for participation
-Sample is made up from available individuals
-most common example is using student volunteers as subjects for research
Term
Correlation
Definition
examine relationships between dependent variables (measured variables)
NO MANIPULATION: goal of a correlation study is to determine if different behaviors are connected and occur together
Term
Counter Balancing
Definition
method for controlling order effects in a repeated measures design
Term
Counter Balancing
Definition
method for controlling order effects in a repeated measures design
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
Measured item
Term
Dependent Variables
Definition
measured item (outcome behavior after experiencing independent variables.)
Term
Dichotomous
Definition
variable can take only 2 values
-yes or no; correct or incorrect; diseased or healthy
Term
Dichotomous
Definition
variable can take only 2 values
-yes or no; correct or incorrect; diseased or healthy
Term
Discrete
Definition
variable can only take on certain values across the range
-0,1,2,3
Term
Discrete
Definition
variable can only take on certain values across the range
-0,1,2,3
Term
Ecological Validity
Definition
does your measure mirror the behavior of people in naturalistic environments?
Term
Experiment
Definition
examination of causal relationship between variables by manipulating conditions
Term
Experimental Research Design
Definition
examination of causal relationship between variables by manipulating conditions
Term
Exploratory (Or pilot) Case Study
Definition
condensed case before implementing a large scale investigation
Term
External Validity
Definition
do your results generalize beyond your sample and research setting?
Term
External Validity Threats
Definition
Population Validity- how representative is the same of the population
Research Settings- what setting is the lab in?
Term
Extraneous Variables
Definition
variables besides the independent variable, that could affect the dependent variable
Nuisance Variables- increase validity within groups and make it harder to see effects
Confounding Variables- change the difference between groups, either increasing or decreasing treatment effect.
Term
Face Validity
Definition
Does the measure appear to measure the variable of interest?
- a weak form of validity
Term
Field Study
Definition
Can conduct a naturalistic study or a field experiment
Field Experiment- manipulate variables in a natural setting
Term
Four Goals of Science
Definition
description- goal is to describe phenomena
explanation- goal is to explain behavior or mental process
prediction- goal is to predict a person's behavior or thoughts
control- goal is to influence behavior or mental process
Term
Frequency Distribution
Definition
summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores.
Term
Frequency Distribution
Definition
summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores.
Term
Historical Case Studies
Definition
study of a phenomenon over time looking at old data
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
-tentative explanation for an observation, phenomena, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investiagtion
-testable prediction about the relationship between at least 2 events, characteristics, or variables
Term
Illustrative Case Study
Definition
Principally descriptive studies
-utilizes one or two instances
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
Manipulated condition
-at least 2 levels
Term
Independent Variables
Definition
manipulated condition
-at least 2 levels
Term
Inferential Statistics
Definition
you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone
Term
Inferential Statistics
Definition
you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone
Term
Inferring Causality
Definition
Temporal Sequencing
-causes precede effects
Covariation: changes in the cause correspond to changes in effects
(look at notes)
Term
Internal Validity
Definition
degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior
Term
Internal Validity
Definition
degree to which your study tests your hypothesis
Term
Internal Validity Threats
Definition
History- unanticipated event that affect the measured variable
Maturation- would natural development influence the associations?
Testing Effects- does actual participation in the study change behavior or responses?
Regression towards the mean- Extreme score on a questionnaire/task but regress toward their mean score at another testing session
Selection- are participants in your study somehow different than those who are not
Mortality-This error occurs if inferences are made on the basis of only those participants that have participated from the start to the end.
Term
Interval Measurement
Definition
Equally spaced, numerical responses, values are not ratio relations
- no zero or absense
Term
Interval Measurement
Definition
Equally spaced, numerical responses, values are not ratio relations
- no zero or absense
Term
Lab Study
Definition
-affords greatest control over extraneous variables
-attempt to recreate the real world in the lab
-realism is an issue
Mundane Realism- physical
Experimental Realism- psychological
Term
Latin Square
Definition
array filled with n different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.
Term
Latin Square
Definition
array filled with n different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.
Term
Matched Groups Design
Definition
researchers attempt to emulate some of the strengths of within subjects designs and between subjects designs.
Term
Matched Groups Design
Definition
researchers attempt to emulate some of the strengths of within subjects designs and between subjects designs.
Term
Mean
Definition
-Mathematical average of all scores in a distribution
-dependent on each score in a distribution
-most widely used
-can be wildly distorted by outliers
Term
Mean
Definition
-Mathematical average of all scores in a distribution
-dependent on each score in a distribution
-most widely used
-can be wildly distorted by outliers
Term
Median
Definition
middle piece of data, when sorted from lowest to highest
-when even amount- the mathematical average of the two middle values
-every score plays a role
-relatively insensitive to outliers
Term
Median
Definition
middle piece of data, when sorted from lowest to highest
-when even amount- the mathematical average of the two middle values
-every score plays a role
-relatively insensitive to outliers
Term
Mode
Definition
most frequent piece of data
Term
Mode
Definition
most frequent piece of data
Term
Nominal Measurement
Definition
nonordered category responses
-what color eyes do yo have?
Term
Null Hypothesis
Definition
opposite of the alternative hypothesis
Term
Null Hypothesis
Definition
opposite of the alternative hypothesis
Term
Observation Data Collecting
Definition
A method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and behaviors are recorded.
Term
Observational Case Study
Definition
observation can also have interviews
Term
One Tailed Test
Definition
used when you have a reason to believe the effects will be directional, and you DO NOT CARE if the effect is in the opposite direction
Term
One Tailed Test
Definition
used when you have a reason to believe the effects will be directional, and you DO NOT CARE if the effect is in the opposite direction
Term
Operational Definitions
Definition
result of the process of operationalization and is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity.
(look to class notes)
Term
Ordinal Measurement
Definition
Ordered category responses
-(see notes for examples)
Term
Physiological Measures
Definition
measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state.
Term
Population
Definition
same result, different type of people
-different regions; socioeconomic background; education level; age
Term
Population
Definition
group of interest in the study
-includes all potential participants
Term
Primary Sources
Definition
include a full report of a research study, including methodological details
-Description of participants, procedures, and statistics
Term
Quasi-experimental
Definition
-participants grouped based on characteristics they already have
-levels based on characteristics researcher unable to manipulate
-groups compared the same way as groups that are randomly assigned
Ex: (gender, age, personality types, ethnicity)
Term
Random Sampling
Definition
increased sample size increases the likelihood it's representative
-NO guarantee
Term
Range
Definition
highest score minus lowest score
Term
Range
Definition
highest score minus lowest score
Term
Range Effects
Definition
when your not measuring the true range of a variable b/c your measure has an artificial or lower point
Ceiling Effect- upper limit
Floor Effect- lower limit
Term
Range Effects
Definition
when your not measuring the true range of a variable b/c your measure has an artificial or lower point
Ceiling Effect- upper limit
Floor Effect- lower limit
Term
Ratio Measurement
Definition
equally spaced, numerical responses, ratio relations, is a zero or absense
Term
Ratio Measurement
Definition
equally spaced, numerical responses, ratio relations, is a zero or absense
Term
Rejection Region
Definition
when a statistic falls into the rejection region, the null hypothesis is rejected
Term
Rejection Region
Definition
when a statistic falls into the rejection region, the null hypothesis is rejected
Term
Reliability
Definition
the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated
-requires strict definitions/ rules for classifying and scoring data
Term
Reliability
Definition
a reliable measure produces similar results when repeated measurements are made under identical conditions
Term
Representativeness
Definition
participants with characteristics that closely match the characteristics of the whole population
Term
Sample
Definition
subgroup chosen from population
-cant include ALL members
Term
Sample Size
Definition
how many?
-includes enough respondents to ensure a valid survey and no more
Term
Sampling Bias
Definition
sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others
Term
Sampling Error
Definition
statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population.
Term
Sampling Techniques
Definition
Stratified Sampling- population divided into strata (segments/groups) based on a population characteristic
Cluster Sampling- cluster of population units are selected at random and then all or some randomly chosen units in the selected clusters are studied
(see notes for steps)
Term
Secondary Sources
Definition
summarizes information from a primary source
Term
Self Report
Definition
person fills out a survey or questionnaire with or without the help of an investigator.
Term
Setting
Definition
Same result occurs in other locations
-the more different settings with the same results, the stronger the external validity
Term
Simple Random Sample
Definition
randomly select a sample from population
-random digit dialing
reduces systematic bias
-does no guarantee a representative sample
Term
Standard Deviation
Definition
square root of variance
Term
Standard Deviation
Definition
square root of variance
Term
Stratified Random Sample
Definition
-gold standard of sampling
designed to be more representative of the population where the sampling frame is stratified according to population variables
Term
Survey/Questionnaires
Definition
list of questions asked to participants designed to extract specific information
Term
Testing Effects
Definition
Term
Theory
Definition
-well established principle developed to explain phenomena
-repeated observation and testing
-describes scientific relationship & how variables interact
-often inferred from data
-all revisions are subjects to revision or replacement based on new research
Term
Two Tailed Test
Definition
see if 2 means are different from eachother (different populations) or from the same population
Term
Two Tailed Test
Definition
see if 2 means are different from eachother (different populations) or from the same population
Term
Type 1 Error
Definition
the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis
-saying that chocolate improves your mood when it doesnt
Term
Type 1 Error
Definition
the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis
-saying that chocolate improves your mood when it doesnt
Term
Type 2 Error
Definition
accepting the null hypothesis when it's false
-saying that chocolate DOES NOT improve your mood when it does
Term
Type 2 Error
Definition
accepting the null hypothesis when it's false
-saying that chocolate DOES NOT improve your mood when it does
Term
Variance
Definition
average of the squared difference of scores from the mean
Term
Variance
Definition
average of the squared difference of scores from the mean
Term
Volunteer Bias
Definition
Volunteer bias can be defined as the bias that comes from the fact that a particular sample can contain only those participants who are actually willing to participate in the study or experiment
Term
Within Subjects Design
Definition
an experiment in which the same group of subjects serves in more than one treatment
Term
Within Subjects Design
Definition
an experiment in which the same group of subjects serves in more than one treatment
Term
other conditions
Definition
other types of personalization besides name introduction would work
Term
other countries
Definition
other signs of liking the personalized service
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