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| any experimental design in which different groups of participants serve in the different conditions of the study |
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| any experimental design in which the same participants serve in each of the different conditions of the study, also called a "repeated measures design" |
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| same as within subjects design |
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| groups of participants in a between subjects design that are essentially equal to each other in all ways except for the different levels of the independent variable |
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| the most common procedure for creating equivalent groups in a between subjects design, each individual volunteering for the study has an equal probability of being assigned to any one of the groups in the study |
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| a procedure used to accomplish random assignment and ensure an equal number of participants in each condition, ensures that each condition of the study has a subject randomly assigned to it before any condition has a subject assigned to it again, also used in within subjects design as a counterbalancing procedure to ensure that when participants are tested in each condition more than once, they experience each condition once before experiencing any condition again |
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| a procedure for creating equivalent groups in which participants are measured on some factor, expected to correlate with the dependent variable, groups are then formed by taking participants who score at the same level on the matching variable and randomly assigning them to groups |
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| any variable selected for matching participants in a matched groups study |
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| one of experimental psychology's original areas of research, investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli, studies thresholds |
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| can occur in a within subjects design when the experience of participating in one of the conditions of the study influences performance in subsequent conditions |
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| in a within subjects design, any sequence effect in which the accumulated effects are assumed to be the same from trial to trial |
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| form of sequence effect in which systematic changes in performance occur as a result of completing one sequence of conditions rather than a different sequence |
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| for a within subjects variable, any procedure designed to control for sequence effects |
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| complete counterbalancing |
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| occurs when all possible orders of conditions are used in a within subjects design |
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| occurs when a subset of all possible orders of conditions is used in a within subjects design |
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| form of partial counterbalancing in which each condition of the study occurs equally often in each sequential position and each condition precedes and follows each other condition exactly one time |
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| occurs in a within subjects design when participants are tested more than once per condition, subjects experience one sequence and then a second with the order reversed from the first |
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| in developmental psychology a design in which age is the independent variable and different groups of people are tested, each group is of a different age |
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| in developmental psychology, a design in which age is the independent variable and the same group of people are tested repeatedly at different ages |
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| can reduce the internal validity of cross sectional studies because differences between groups could result from the effects of growing up in different historical eras |
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| in developmental psychology research, a design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, a new cohort is added to a study every few years and then studied periodically throughout the time course of the study |
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| occurs when an experimenter's expectations about a study affect its outcome |
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| a detailed description of the sequence of events in a research session, used by an experimenter to ensure uniformity of treatment of research participants |
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| a control procedure designed to reduce bias, neither the participant nor the person conducting the experimental session knows which condition of the study is being tested, often used in studies evaluating drug effects |
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| can occur when the behavior of participants is influenced by their beliefs about how they are supposed to behave in a study |
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| name often given to a form of participant bias in which behavior is influenced by the mere knowledge that the participant is in an experiment and is therefore of some importance to the experimenter |
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| a form of participant bias in which participants try to guess the experimenter's hypothesis and then behave in such a way as to confirm it |
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| any feature of the experimental design or procedure that increases the chances that participants will detect the true purpose of the study |
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| a form of anxiety experienced by participants that leads them to behave so as to be evaluated positively by the experimenter |
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| in debriefing, a procedure to determine if subjects were aware of a deception experiment's true purpose, also refers to any procedure that determines if systematic manipulations have the intended effect on participants |
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