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| anything that can be measured or manipulated |
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| thought to be the cause of something (true: variables in experiment that are manipulated) |
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| thought to be the effect of something |
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| when a particular comparison is produced while other aspects of the situation are controlled
-allowed to make causal inferences-
-randomize participants- |
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| A statement that organizes and explains data and is used to generate knowledge |
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| tentative answer to research question, form predictions from hypotheses |
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| specific statement concerning expected outcome of a study, particularly the relationship between dependent and independent variables |
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| critical evaluation of many empirical articles |
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| reports of original research |
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| review by other scientists with similar expertise, must evaluate research and recommend for publication |
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| process of generating theory from data vs. process of using theory to generate testable hypotheses |
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| a definition of the variable in terms of the operations or techniques the researcher uses to measure or manipulate it |
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| systematic empiricism to obtain results, gaining knowledge, epistemology (one way of forming new knowledge), understanding the world through some perspective |
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| knowledge based on observation |
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| temporal order of events in which the cause precedes the effect |
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| covariation of cause and effect |
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| a condition that is necessary but not sufficient for determining causality, if presumed causal variable occurs, and effect occurs |
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| any other explanation for the relationship between the variables, other than the research hypothesis |
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| any variable that systematically changes with the independent variable, provides alternative explanation |
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| ensures that the extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group. To eliminate the influence of individual characteristics, the researcher assigns participants to the two groups in a random fashion. |
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| truth and fairness of conclusions (i.e. in terms of scale, is scale measuring what it is to) |
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| the adequacy of the operational definitions in measuring or manipulating the theoretical constructs |
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the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from our data
degree to which the causal relationships between the independent and dependent variable can be assessed |
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| the degree to which the results can be generalized to other populations and settings |
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| numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables |
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| negative linear relationship |
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| increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the other variable |
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| positive linear relationship |
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| increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable |
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| increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by both increases and decreases in the values of the other variable |
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| graph is simple, a flat line |
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| content of the measure appears to reflect the construct being measured |
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| scores on the measure predict behavior on a criterion measured at a time in the future |
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| scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time (concurrently) |
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| scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct |
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| scores on the measure are not related to other measures |
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| a potential problem when measuring behavior |
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the degree to which a measure is stable or consistent
-should be getting repeated measures- |
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real score on the variable
-used with measurement error to understand reliability- |
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| -used with true score to understand reliability- |
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| internal consistency reliability |
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| assessment of reliability among all responses at same time, between questions on survey/scale, item consistency |
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| reliability with first half of survey and second half to measure consistency |
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| measure of correlation with each item and every other item |
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| correlation of each score with total score |
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| extent to which raters agree in their observations |
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