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| 3 research goals served in laboratory setting |
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Definition
| control, experimental manipulation, construct a setting for the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| minimization of extraneous influences on whatever the research is designed to investigated (laboratory isolated from external influences) |
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| What are the 2 advantages of using a laboratory setting to attain control |
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Definition
1.Control over extraneous variables increases statistical power
2. Smaller effects are more easily statistically detectable in a lab compared to field studies
3. It allows for greater precision of the conclusion that can be drawn from the research (internal validity) |
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Term
| Experimental manipulation |
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Definition
| implementation of manipulation of the iv IS THE DEFINING FEATURE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS |
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Term
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Definition
quantitative questions addressed concerning a specific population, setting and time period.
RESULTS ARE NOT GENERALIZED TO LARGER POPULATIONS |
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Definition
Research focused on constructs of interest instead of a specific population.
RESULTS ARE THOUGHT TO GENERALIZE TO EVERYONE |
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Definition
| Research for the sake of curiosity. Develop and refine new knowledge |
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Definition
| Solve problems. Use existing knowledge for the improvement of the human situation |
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Definition
| research where participant responds to a particular situation |
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Definition
Research where participants respond to a theoretical situation (usually unlikely in the real world)
More suitable for lab research (situation must be created). |
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Definition
| A type of lab study where something happens to the participant and the participant must react. The researcher is interested in the behavior |
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Definition
| A type of lab study where something is presented to the participant such as a stimulus or situation, and the participant is asked to perform a cognitive task in relation to the stimuli. The researcher is interested in cognitive function. |
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Definition
| A type of lab study that involves simply observing participant behavior in a laboratory setting. |
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Definition
| The degree to which you can draw a causal relationship from the IV and DV |
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Definition
| The degree to which the variable in the operational definition accurately reflects the construct of interest |
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Definition
| The degree to which the results can be generalized to the population |
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Definition
| The amount of overlap between measures that are believed to measure the same construct. |
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Definition
| The amount of overlap between measures that are believed to measure different constructs.t |
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Definition
The extent to which the manipulation or measure are perceived by participants in the intended way.
Parallel notion to construct validity |
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Definition
The extent of resemblance between laboratory operational defining and some target object or events outside the lab.
Parallel to ecological validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bias created by the experimenters verbal and non-verbal behaviors influence on the participants response/behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for expectancy control group design |
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Term
| Expectancy Control Group design |
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Definition
| A research designed where experiential expectancies/biases are treated as an independent variable, and the experimenter is told that half of the participants are participating in a different condition than what they truly are |
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Definition
| Participants are influenced by the researcher's behavior, the task the experimental setting, or societal influences |
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Definition
| An accomplice of the experimenter who poses as a participant |
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Definition
| The idea that by having numerous dependent variables, something is likely to be significant |
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Definition
| A response that is intermediary between a self-report and actual bahavior |
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Definition
| Measures used in laboratory studies that are observational and make use of tasks that participants are instructed to perform |
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Definition
| Questions that start out general and end more specific, and are used to assess whether participants saw through deception used in study |
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Definition
| The extend to which the situation that the participant encounters in the experiment is one that would be encountered in the real world. |
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Definition
| The extent to which the situation that participants encounter in a study would not be a situation that is encountered in the real world. |
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Definition
| Research design where participants are not randomly assigned to the different levels of the IV |
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Definition
| A research design that studies the same participants repeatedly |
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Term
| Cross-sectional comparison/study |
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Definition
| A study that involves 2 or more groups that are compared at a specific point in time (usually group differ by age, and are compared developmentally) |
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Term
| Quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
| A research design where one or more independent variable are manipulated but participants are not randomly assigned to the levels of the manipulated variables |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design that involves 2 or more groups that are either naturally orccurring or non-randomly assigned. |
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Term
| Rule for static group designs |
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Definition
| The number of groups should be equal to the number of levels of the independent variable |
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Term
| Strategies that prevent expectancy effects |
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Definition
| Keep experimenters unaware of participants conditions, Eliminate experimenter-participant interactions |
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Term
| strategies that minimize expectancy effects |
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Definition
1. Minimize experimenter-participant interaction
2. Use multiple experimenters within sessions
3. Keep experimenters unaware of participants conditions as long as possible
4. Keep experimenter unaware of experimental hypotheses
5. Use multiple experimenters across sessions
6. Train experimenters carefully and emphasize importance of adhering to standardization |
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Term
| strategies that permit the detection and assessment of expectancy effects |
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Definition
| observe experimenters behavior, either on-line or through videotaping, adopt an expectancy control group design |
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Term
| Two reasons laboratory research is particularly susceptible to experimenter bias |
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Definition
| direct communication with participants, isolated and controlled environment makes participants hypersensitive to what the experimenter says and does. |
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Term
| Explain how an expectancy control group design works |
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Definition
| Experimenter expectancies are manipulated along with the major independent variable in a factorial design. The experimenter is told half of the participants are participating in a different condition than what they truly are |
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Term
| What is the difference between blind and double blind studies? |
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Definition
| In single blind studies, the experimenter (or observer) is aware of who or what belongs to the control group and the experimental group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where individuals are selected from the same population as eventual participants will be, and are led through the procedures of the study, periodically being asked what they think the hypothesis of the study is and what features led to this conclusion. This is done to identify demand characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the pretesting procedure or done during the actual study as well, where the researchers ask questions to assess whether the manipulations had the intended effects on participants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of manipulations checks where the participant responses are not used as a basis for dropping participants, but instead the manipulation check beomes a new independent variable that is related to the dependent variable, in lieu of using the participants' randomly assigned conditions. |
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Term
| Panel Study of Income Dynamics |
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Definition
| Non-randomized sample design. Institute of Social Research at University of Michigan. 1968-1997, info gathered annually. biennially since 1997. Sample size grew from 4,800 to 7,000 in 2001. 62,000 pieces of information. Strengths: large, representative sample, hundresds of constructs measured, issues of reliability and validity of measurements addressed easily. |
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Term
| Pretest post-test nonequivalent control group design |
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Definition
| 2 or more groups measured twice on the dependent variable with one group being exposed to manipulation of the IV between the pretest and post test and the other receiving no manipulation |
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Term
| One-group pre-test post test design |
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Definition
| 1 group measured twice on the dependent variable, and exposed to the IV between the pretest and post test |
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Term
| Interrupted time series design |
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Definition
| One group measured multiple times (many pretest and post tests) with the IV presented or manipulated between the pretests and post tests (pre, pre, pre, IV, post, post, post) |
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Term
| Replicated interrupted time series designs |
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Definition
| 2 or more groups measured with multiple pretests and post test where either all observations of the experimental group are done 1st then observations of the control group are done, or where both groups are experimental but receive IV exposure at different points/intervals. |
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Term
| The purpose of replicated interrupted time series designs |
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Definition
| to eliminate threats that deal with time (maturation, history, selection by maturation, and instrumentation) |
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Term
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Definition
| any event that coincides with the independent variable and could affect the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| any change that occurs over time in measurement procedures or devices |
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Term
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Definition
| any naturally occurring process within persons that could cause a change in their behaviors (fatigue, boredom, growth, intellectual development) |
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Term
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Definition
| any preexisting differences between individuals in the different experimental conditions that can influence the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between individuals in the treatment groups that produce changes in the groups at different rates |
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Term
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Definition
| any attrition of participants from a study |
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Term
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Definition
| create equivalent groups by eliminating pre-existing differences relevant to the dependent variable |
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Term
| regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| scores become less extreme over time |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of procedures put in place by an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two categories of evaluation research. It answers the question "does it work?" by identifying the effects of the program and deciding if the program should cease or continue. Also known as outcome evaluations. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two categories of evaluation research. Address the questions, "what is it," and ,"how does it work." It aims to improve programs so that they reflect the intended purpose, determine how the program is carried out, and determine how participants react to the program |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of measure used to ensure a participants response is not reaction to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of species typical behavior |
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Term
| List the characteristics of archival research |
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Definition
1. Relies on the analysis of information gathered for purposes other than those of particular studies
2. Involve ingenuity in translating existing records into quantifiable indices of some concept
3. The sheer volume of information currently in existence is overwhelming and much time is needed to discover relevant information
4. archival studies are particularly susceptible to alternative interpretations |
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Term
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Definition
| archives specifically created for research |
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Term
| advantages of research survey archives |
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Definition
1. availability of extensive information obtained from hih quality samples over time
2. low cost
3. designed for research purposes, unlike other types of archives |
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Term
| disadvantages of research survey archives |
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Definition
1. survey may not contain the issue of interest to the researcher
2.archive may have incomplete or inaccurate codebooks and have involve obsolete recording methods (Psychology is a relatively young field. We are developing our methods and thus older methods may not be as good as more recent ones) |
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Term
| 2 types of verbal records |
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Definition
1. public and private (speeches, letters, emails)
2. Mass communication (advertisements, movies, songs, newspapers) |
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Term
| 3 Stages of sampling procedures in content analysis of mass communications |
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Definition
1. Sampling of sources (choosing which mass communications to use).
2. Sampling of dates (what is the time period covered)
3. Sampling of units (which aspects of communication are to be analyzed. |
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Term
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Definition
| When two variables appear related or associated because they are both influenced by a 3rd variable |
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