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| unintended effects on the dependent variable that is caused by some feature of the experimental setting other than the independent variable. |
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| occurs when a sample is created by using convienient, readily available, and willing individuals. |
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| systematic deviations of sample means from true population values. |
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| research goal that is interested in the relationship between variables or constructs with no specific population or setting in mind |
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| is the combined and simultaneous influence of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable |
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| the instance in a statistical design when the effect of one independent variable is examined in isolation from the others |
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| the tendency of participants to respond in a way that they think is beneficial to the experiment on a post test due to exposure to the variable on the pretest |
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| What methods ccan be used to control for instrumentation threats |
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Definition
randomization of conditions,
careful training and monitoring,
counterbalancing,
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not changing anything after the experiment has started |
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| the degree to which the variable in the operational definition reflects the construct of interest. |
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| the natural process withing persons that could cause a change in behavior or attitudes |
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| a type of non-probability sampling where the participants are handpicked, and intentionally selected because they are believed to be typical of the population. |
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| the procedure that involves moving through stages of more inclusive to less inclusive sampling units until population elements included constitute the desired sample. |
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| individual differences within various conditions that lead to changes over time (subgroups within various conditions that change at different rates) |
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| The amount of error in the estimate of the population. |
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| involves sampling items to construct a multiple-item measure of a desired construct. |
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| Disadvantages to using stratified random sampling |
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| time consuming, costly, and you may still end up with a sample that is not representative of the population |
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| the failure of random assignment in creating equivalent groups |
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| advantage of using stratified sampling |
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| . |
More precise estimates of population values |
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| an error in sampling where the 1st element selected is random, but all elements thereafter are not random |
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| a probability distribution of a sample parameter (such as the mean) would take if repeated samples of the same size were taken from the same population |
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| the tendency of participants to respond in a way that they think is beneficial to the experiment on a post test due to exposure to the variable on the pretest |
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| any preexisting differences between groups (other than the independent variable(s)) that could be concluded as causing a difference in the dependent variable |
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| any event that coincides with the independent variable that could effect the dependent variable. |
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the pre-existing differences between individuals in different conditions that could influences the dependent variable
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| How to control for selection threat |
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| The independent variable created by the researcher |
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| advantages of using repeated measures design in randomized experimenting |
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Definition
It requires fewer participants
It gives a more sensitive measure of the effects of a variable |
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| Frame of reference (experience sampling) |
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Definition
| Amount of time between signal and response |
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| refers to individual differences within various conditions that lead to changes over time (subgroups within various conditions that change at different rates) |
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| a subset of the population |
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| a list of all the population elements |
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| How to control for selection by maturation |
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Definition
| use random assignment and control group |
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| How to control for mortality |
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Definition
Adequately prepare participants
Keep close contact with participants |
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Definition
| the difference in the distribution of characteristics between a sample and population as a whole. |
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| Disadvantages of using cluster sampling |
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Definition
a larger probable margin of error
statistical handling is more complicated |
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| To control for ineligible elements, the researcher can |
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Definition
start with a larger sample frame
filter out ineligible elements prior to sampling |
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| In order to use puposive sampling, the researcher must know... |
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Definition
| what is typical of the population |
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| representative sampling plan |
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| gives the probability of the results being representative of the population |
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| a counting of all the elements in a population and/or a determination of the distribution of characteristics |
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| independent variables that the experimenter manipulates |
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