Term
| Most of what we know, we know by _______ rather than by ________ |
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Definition
| Agreement rather than by Experience |
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Term
| In science, for something to be accepted, it must be both ________ and ________. |
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Definition
| Logical and Empirical (must not contradict actual observation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Things we know as part of our culture but have never personally experienced |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The science of finding out |
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Term
| ________ seeks to explain events and predict future events. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two important sources of secondhand knowledge are _______ and______. Explain them |
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Definition
Tradition and Authority
Tradition is accepting what everyone knows
Authority is accepting what experts tell us (can be misleading)
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Term
| Explain how inaccurate observations can be avoided |
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Definition
| By using simple and complex measurement devices |
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Term
| What is overgeneralization? |
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Definition
| Assuming that because the first few results will be the same, the rest will be |
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Term
| How does a researcher avoid overgeneralization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is selective observation? |
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Definition
| Focusing on particulat results that fit the pattern and avoiding those that don't |
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Term
| Explain what illogical reasoning is and how do scientists avoid it? |
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Definition
| Reasoning that is not logical like in gambling, always beliving that the winning hand is right around the corner. To avoid it, scientists use logical reasoing, which is a conscious activity. |
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Term
| What are the two pillars of science and explain them |
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Definition
Logic and Observation
Logic - Things must make sense
Observation - Things must be corrospond with what we observe |
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Term
| What are the three major aspects of science? |
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Definition
| Theory, Data Collection, and Data Analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life |
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Term
| Social scientist study ______, not _______ |
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Definition
| Human groups, not individuals. |
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Term
| Social Research is the study of ______ and the ______ that compose them |
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Definition
| Variables and the Attributes that compose them |
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Term
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Definition
| Logical set of attributes such as race |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic of a person or thing (white, black, asian) |
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Term
| _________ are written in the language of _______ |
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Definition
| Theories are written in the language of variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable that can stand on its own, not problematical in analysis, but taken as given |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable that depends on or is caused by another |
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Term
| What is the purpose of social research? |
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Definition
| To explore something, or explain a phenomena or describe that state of social affairs |
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Term
| Explain idiographic explanations |
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Definition
| They seek to present a full understanding of cases by listing many details specific to that event. For example: did bad on a test because, did not study, up late, had other work to do, etc. |
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Term
| Explain Nomothetic explanations |
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Definition
| They present a more generalized account of many different situations or events, rather than a specific one. For example, showing a relationship between if you study in a group or not vs. how well you do on an exam |
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Term
| Inductive Theories reason from the ______ to the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Deductive Theories move from the _______ to the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| How are theories developed? |
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Definition
| From an analysis of researched data |
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Term
| _______ plays a key role in the practice of social research |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to hold conflicting ideas in your mind simultaneously |
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Term
| _________ data is not numerical in nature |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ data is numerical in nature |
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Definition
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Term
| Every observation is _______ at the onset |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of data is more rich in meaning and detail, quantitative or qualitative? |
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Definition
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Term
| These seek to provide logical explanations to things and are directly related to "why" questions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A model or framework for observation and understanding |
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Term
| _________ is used for understanding large scale features of a society. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is used for understanding the smaller units of a society |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes we can scientifically discover the rules of social life |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the attempt of one person or group to dominate others |
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Term
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Definition
| Examines how social patterns and shared feelings are developed during social interactions |
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Term
| Ethnomethodology Paradigm |
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Definition
| Focuses on the ways people make sense out of life while living it. |
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Term
| Structural Functionalism Paradigm |
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Definition
| Seeks to discover what functions elements of society perform for the whole system |
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Term
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Definition
| Draws attention to the oppression of women |
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Term
| Critical Race Theory Paradigm |
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Definition
| Examines the disadvantage of a social group and offers a differnt vantage point to understanding their views |
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Term
| What is Interest Convergence and what paradigm did it stem from? |
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Definition
| Interest Convergence is the thesis that majority group members will only support minorities when that support will benefit them. It stems from the Critical Race paradigm. |
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Term
| Rational Objectivity Paradigm |
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Definition
| Researchers challenge the belief in an objective reality that abides by rational rules |
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Term
| Critical Realism Paradigm |
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Definition
| Reality is realized when something is seen to have an effect. |
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Term
| Explain the steps in the traditional model of science and define each step. |
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Definition
Hypothesis - Testable expectation, derived from theory
Operationalization - determining how you will measure a variable
Observation
(note - this is not an accurate picture of how research is accurately done) |
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Term
| What type of theory does the traditional model of science use? |
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Definition
| Deductive Theory - from the general to the specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggest that there is no relationship among the variables in a study. |
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Term
| Science should be a process of alternating between _______ and ______ reasoning |
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Definition
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Term
| Jasso's theory of distributive justice is an example of what type of theory |
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Definition
| Deductive Theory illustrated by formal reasoning that can be tested by observation |
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Term
| Takeuchi's study of factors influencing marijuana smoking at the University of HI is an example of what type of theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| By using _______ we can understand how society works and offer practical theories and solutions to societies problems. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are many possible links between _______ and ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A theoretical understanding of a subject may be the difference between _______ and ______ in a research study. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to change society, then what must be understood? |
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Definition
| logic and how it operates |
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Term
| What protects against biased research findings? |
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Definition
| The collective nature of research projects |
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Term
| There are four main constraints on social research projects. What are they? |
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Definition
| Scientific, Administrative, Ethical, and Political |
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Term
| How are things considered ethical and unethical? |
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Definition
| Based on what the community would agree is right and wrong. |
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Term
| What is informed consent and when should it be used |
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Definition
| Informed consent is when a person knowingly and willingly accepts the risks of a research project, agreeing to do the project, even though they may be hurt during its research. It should be used anytime there is a chance that the person being studied would/could be injured. |
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Term
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Definition
| Even the researcher cannot link the information given back to a certain person |
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Term
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Definition
| Researcher can link information back to a person but promises to keep it private |
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Term
| The best way to ensure confidentiality is to _______ |
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Definition
| destroy information as soon as it is no longer needed |
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Term
| Information respondents give during a study should at a minimum be kept ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| If research violates the standards of ethical behavior, it requires ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Interviewing subjects about their experiences and inform them of any unrevealed purpose. |
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Term
| What is a way to avoid unethical behavior in social research when such is required? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of an IRB? |
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Definition
| To ensure subjects rights and interests will be protected |
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Term
| Name three distinctions of an IRB |
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Definition
Apply only to federally funded research
Social research is usually exempt
Professional associations publish codes of ethics to guide reserachers. May not answer all ethical questions |
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Term
| Discuss the two ethical controversies detailed in the book. |
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Definition
Humphreys tearoom encounters: Study of homosexual men having sexual encounters in public bathrooms then him following them back to their house to gain personal information from them, posing as a public surveyor
Milgrams study of wheter are person would inflict harm on another through electrical shocks when given orders to do so. Milgram found that most people would continue to give the shocks, even though it was perceived the receipent was in a large amount of pain. |
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Term
| Social research has both a _______ and _______ demension |
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Definition
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Term
| Should political orientation influence research? |
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Definition
| No, but it is difficult to separate politics and morals from research. |
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Term
| What are the four main lessons of social research as they pertain to politics |
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Definition
Science is not untouched by politics
Science remains, even through political controversy and hostility
An awareness of moral considerations by researchers enriches the study and practice of social research methods
Researchers should not allow their personal or political views to get in the way of research, but that does not mean that they cannot participate in depates and express their expertise and personal values |
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