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| Information obtained about subjects should remain confidential unless otherwise agreed |
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| When subjects are told all details of an experiment after they have participated; an ethical obligation of the researcher |
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| A research technique in which the participant is misled about some aspect of the project; may be unethical; see double-blind design |
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| "Deliberate bias, in the research process, that includes fabrication of data and plagiarism" |
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| Experimenter is ethically obligated to allow subjects to discontinue participation in the research |
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Potential subjects must be in a position to decide whether to participate in an experiment.
must inform participants about: the purpose, right to decline, consequences of withdrawal, factors to influence willingness, research benefits, confidentiality, incentives, who to contact |
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| Institutional review board (IRB) |
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| A board in nearly every United States institution conducting research that oversees the protection of human participants |
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| The uncredited use of another person’s words or ideas |
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| Ethical researchers protect their participants from any harm |
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| Removing harmful consequences |
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| Ethical researchers remove any harmful consequences that their participants may have incurred |
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| The repetition of an earlier experiment to duplicate (and perhaps extend) its findings; see also systematic replication |
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| Deliberate or inadvertent bias in which data are misanalyzed or participants are differentially treated over and above any planned differences in treatment |
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| "A term used to describe the view that animal life is qualitatively different from human life; therefore, a form of bigotry " |
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| a scale-attenuation effects |
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| Attempt to demonstrate an experimental phenomenon with an entirely new paradigm or set of experimental conditions; see converging operations |
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A set of related lines of investigation that all bolster a common conclusion
OR
several independent procedures that support the meaning of an abstract concept |
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| "Variables that covary with a target in statistical analyses, such as regression, that are accounted for in the analysis of the target" |
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| Repeating an experiment as closely as possible to determine whether the same results will be obtained |
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| "The effect of expectancy on cognition; for example, if people solve problems in one particular way, they will often approach new problems in the same way even when the original strategy is no longer effective" |
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| The extent to which the experimental results can be replicated |
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| a scale-attenuation effects |
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| A type of regression analysis that uses more than one predictor variable |
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| The “invisible bubble” surrounding a person |
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| An artifact in the measurement of change on a variable when groups of subjects who scored at the extremes on the variable are tested again; see regression to the mean |
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| "Tendency for extreme measures on some variable to be closer to the group mean when remeasured, due to unreliability of measurement" |
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| The repetition of an earlier experiment to duplicate (and perhaps extend) its findings; see also systematic replication |
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| Scale-attenuation effects |
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Definition
| Difficulties in interpreting results and patterns of research, when performance on the dependent variable is either nearly perfect (a ceiling effect) or nearly lacking altogether (a floor effect) |
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| Repeating an experiment while varying numerous factors considered to be irrelevant to the phenomenon to see if it will survive these changes |
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| "the consistency of the measures, test-retest reliability parraellel forms and split-half reliability" |
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| Research with Human Participants is Straightforward in principle, but... |
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Definition
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| what is Required for federally funded work? |
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| Ethical guidelines for researchers list (9) |
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Definition
Institutional approval – provide accurate info about their studies and obtain approval prior to conducing research
Informed consent –
Informed consent for for recording voices and images
Client/patient, student, and subordinate research participants
Dispensing with informed consent for research
Offering inducements for research
Deception
debriefing
Humane care and use of animals |
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Term
| Inform participant beforehand of all aspects of research that might ..... |
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Definition
| influence willingness to participate |
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| You give informed consent only when... |
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Definition
you understand what you are about to do,
and the possible risks |
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| If you get busted for fraud, ... |
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Definition
| your funding is suspended |
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| 5 members or more qualified to review that type of research |
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Definition
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| Institutional review board (IRB) |
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Definition
Oversees protection of humans and animal care
Grants approval
5 members or more qualified to review that type of research
assess risk |
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Definition
| minimal risk means you might encounter this on a daily basis |
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| important in interpreting patterns of research |
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Definition
| replication(reliability) and converging operations (validity) |
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| regression to the mean is likely to occur whenever... |
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Definition
| participants are selected on the basis of high or low scores on some dependent measure |
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| how to guard against regression artifacts? |
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Definition
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| three types of replication |
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Definition
direct
systematic
conceptual |
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| the need for converging operations demands that scientific researchon a problem is |
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Definition
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| what do converging operations do? |
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Definition
provide validity for concepts and hypotheses
eliminate alternative explanations by two or more operations |
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| a mathematical measure of your experiment: are the results due to a manipulation, or due to chance? |
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| converging operational definitions are not static, they are.... |
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Definition
| modified as we gather more data |
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| Scale attenuation's scales meaning? |
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Definition
ceiling their is too much for a scale (weight, intelligence)
floor there is too little for the scale (too little knowledge in group, question too hard, increments not small enough) |
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| Solutions to scale attenuation |
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Definition
Do not draw strong conclusions about the data
Design experiments to avoid extremes in performance
Modify items based on population |
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| when designing experiments to avoid extremes in performance...(3) |
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Definition
Design pilot studies to test out the design/measures and then adjust as needed
Modify difficulty of items to address ceiling/floor effects |
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| All psychological measures are subject to some .... |
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Definition
| unreliability/measurement error |
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| in the memory search study, what were the results/summary? |
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Definition
| students were motivated to find memories to support success in critical areas, not priming or demand characteristics |
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Term
| informed consent for treatments |
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Definition
experimental nature of the treatment
services for the control group
how participants are assigned
alternative treatments if they withdraw
the compensation |
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