1)self report-most direct way to assess a construct

2)behavioral-measurement obtained by the direct observation of an individuals behavior.  Used in operant conditioning

3)physiological-EEG, heart rate, blood tests (galvanic skin response-determines stress by measuring amount of sweat on someones fingers) 

1)identify specific subgroups to be included in sample

2)then select equal random samples from each of the pre-identified subgroups

3)combine subgroup samples from each of the pre-identified subgroups.

Ex:Men & women in a study split population into different sexes and then randomly select from this sample.   

random selection of groups instead of individuals from a population.

Ex: town of Binghamton to represent whole American population 

measurements of a variable behave in exactly the same way as the variable itself

Ex: In the summer as temperature rises, people tend to become more agressive 

1)if n is large enough, you will control for confounding variables

2)if it is hard to find a large number of people, make  groups so they are equal for that variable 

1)dependent on the levels of the independent variable

2)shaped like a U-primacy and recency effect

3 )shaped like inverted U-task difficulty and levels of arousal

1)used for inferential stats-quantitative methods

2)a multiple chocie exam

1)descriptive stats-qualitative methods

Ex: fill in the blank exam 

filter-Are you a veteran

contigency-if yes answer 2-10, if not go to number 11 

1)fatigue-progressive decline in performance as participant gains experience

2)practice-progressive improvement in performance as participant gains experience

3)contrast-concern with order effects in a within subjects design 

how long it takes to get desired reaction

response latency-how long does it take

response duration-how long does someone continue target behavior  

1)exposure therapies

a)systematic desensitization

b)flooding

c)implosion

2)Aversion therapy 

1)reinforcement therapy

2)behavior deceleration therapy 

examines changes in behavior related to age

time lag-test different groups of people at the same age

time sequential-2 or more cross sectional studies

cohort sequential-2 or more longitudinal studies 

eliminates the need for a return to baseline

Ex: well suited for evaluating treatments with permanent effects 

1)needs assessment-problems in targeted area

2)program theory assessment-what are the goals of the program and how should they be assessed

3) process evaluation-checks if program is properly implemented

4)outcome evaluation-does program have desired effect

5)efficiency assessment-performs cost-benefit analysis.  How much of an effect did program have?  How much funding did it require. 

1)weak internal validity

2)no control group

3)maturation-changes occur due to changes in the person's age or physical development

4)history-changes occur due to experiences that the person had

5)testing-changes occur due to participants learning from the pretest 

6)instrumentation-changes occur from changes made to testing instrument

7) regression-original measurements may be too high or lo, so later measurements tend to be closer to mean levels for overall population

8) mortality-changes occur because individuals leave or die

9)selection-differnces of people who comprise groups 

1)one group pretest posttest design-Ex: stress before and after a earthquake

2)nonequivalent control group design

3)interrupted time series design-compare one group at different points in time

4)control series design-interrupted time series design with a nonequivalent control group added