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Research Methods FINAL
Pokrywczynski
49
Communication
Undergraduate 2
12/13/2011

Additional Communication Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Experiment Strengths
Definition
- causation and control
- moderate expense
- replication is possible
Term
Experiment Weaknesses
Definition
- artificial
- limited scope (too generalized?)
Term
Aspects of Experiment Control
Definition
- experimental design
- manipulated independent variable
Term
Experimental Design
Definition
you can, and almost have to, control everything
Term
Experiment Concepts
Definition
- reliability
- validity
- independent/dependent variables
- stimuli
- confounding variables (social desirability and experimental demand)
Term
Reliability
Definition
principle that if other researchers replicated the CA, they would arrive at the same conclusions
Term
Problem with Reliability
Definition
coders can interpret differently
Term
Validity
Definition
proves that the measure represents reality
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
variable of interest
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
manipulated by the IV, outcome of experiment
Term
Stimuli
Definition
what you show the experiment participants
Term
Confounding Variables
Definition
an item that may affect the outcome of an experiment, which is not taken into account by the experimenter
Term
Social Desirability
Definition
the likelihood that a participant in a study will respond in a socially acceptable manner
Term
Experimental Demand
Definition
the likelihood that a participant will anticipate the purpose of the study and respond accordingly
Term
Concealment
Definition
used by experimenters to shield the purpose of a study without using deception
Term

 

 

 

X        O

Definition

One-Shot Case Study:

 

- a single independent variable or stimulus is observed once

Term

 

 

O1     X     O2

Definition

One Group Pretest-Post-test:

 

a single variable (sales) is measured before and after an independent stimulus takes place

Term

 

 

 

X      O1

        O2

Definition

Static Group Comparison:

 

measures the effects of a stimulus on one group compared to another that recieves no stimulus (placebo)

Term

 

 

 

R    O1    X    O2

                              R    O3          O4

Definition

Pretest-Post-test with Control Group:

 

Participants are randomly assigned to a group and observed. One group is then given a stimulus and the other recieves nothing and the two groups are observed again and compared.

Term

 

R    O1   X    O2

R    O3         O4

R           X    O5

R                 O6

 

 

Definition

Solomon Four-Group Design:

 

replicates the pretest-post-test with control group and includes an additional treatment group and control group that are not exposed to the pretest

Term

 

 

 

R    X    O1

R          O2

Definition

Post-test-Only Control Group:

 

eliminates the pretest avoids participant fatigue and bias based on question repetition

Term
Nominal
Definition
serves a label for a class or category, classification
Term
Ordinal
Definition
serves to rank items on some shared characteristic, provides no indication of how much more or less than – intervals b/w ranks not equal
Term
Interval
Definition
ranks items such that they have numerically equal intervals; provides + or –
Term
Ratio
Definition
ranks items along equal intervals and has meaningful zero
Term
Mode
Definition
- nominal
- most repeated number
Term
Median
Definition
- ordinal
- middle number
Term
Mean
Definition
- interval
- average
Term
Differential Stats
Definition
describes results of study
Term
Inferential Stats
Definition
describes how the sample is like the population
Term
Statistical Significance
Definition
chance or probability that findings are due to chance/error
Term
Social Sciences Statistical Significance P-value
Definition
0.05
Term
Content Analysis Strengths
Definition
- summarizes info
- unobtrusive
- no recruiting people
Term
Content Analysis Limitations/Weaknesses
Definition
- researcher bias (need multiple coders)
- can't make claims a/t what content is DOING to people
Term
Coder categories should be....
Definition
mutually exclusive and exhaustive
Term
Intercoder Reliability
Definition
80% agreement among coders
Term
Is content analysis qualitative or quantitative?
Definition
quantitative
Term
Legal Case Citation:
1NY Times vs. Sullivan, 2403 3U.S. 4713
Definition

1) Name

2) Volume

3) Publication

4) Starting page #

Term
Primary Sources in Legal Context
Definition
- US Code
- Code of Federal Regulations
- Case Reporters
Term
Secondary Sources in Legal Context
Definition
- legal dictionaries/encyclopedias
- law review articles (journals)
- treatises
Term
Case Studies Advantages
Definition
- collecting deep info a/t a specific situation
- the opportunity for multiple perspectives on the phenomenon
Term
Case Studies Disadvantages
Definition
- time consuming
- expensive
- limited capacity to generalize results
- reliability of conclusions
- researcher bias
Term
Field Observations
Definition
- used when you are in a natural environment
- activity must be observable
- can be covert, participant observer, overt
- must know what to measure (duration of gaze, etc.)
Term
The Hawthorne Effect
Definition
when people are being observed, they tend to act differently
Term
Characteristics of Focus Groups
Definition
- 6-12 people
- commonalities b/w group members
- semi-structured
- most common qualitative method
- discussion sparks ideas
- body language
Term
Characteristics of Interviews
Definition
- Semi-structured
- One on one
- Probing/depth of information
- Lower social desirability
- Less “cross talk” – not talking amongst others, latching on to others’ ideas
Term
Discourse Analysis
Definition
research examining written and verbal language uses
Term
Narrative Analysis
Definition
research that focuses on the storylines, characters, plots, conflicts, action, and the values and morals that make up media content
Term
Institutional Review Board
Definition
- also known as an ethics committee
- protects the rights of research subjects
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