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| A type of sampling procedure in which the units of the sample are where people live or work, rather than who they are. The researcher divides the target area into sections and then samples the sections. |
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| A biased sample is one that is not representative. It does not reflect the composition of the population to which the researcher is attempting to generalize. |
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| Patients with a disease, condition or exposure are enrolled with similar individuals without the condition or exposure and follow over time |
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| The ability to state that the changes found in factor A are a direct result of particular treatment or intervention. |
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| A large sample is enrolled and followed over time. At the end of study, subgroups are compared based on their exposure to a specific factor or event. |
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| A nuisance variable that jeopardizes the effect of an intervention or relationship |
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| In an experiment, a group that does not receive the treatment |
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| Studies that are concerned with investigating the associations between variables. |
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| A large group of people are measured at one point in time to assess relationships between variables |
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| The information collected by a researcher. |
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| A process where a general principle is applied to a particular case to explain it, |
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| The view that all events are caused by other events. |
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| Results found under normal conditions |
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| Results found under ideal conditions |
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| The study of the distribution and determinants of disease within a community |
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| A project that its design and execution conforms to a set of standards or conventions guiding research. |
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| Utilization of patient values, clinical expertise and current scientific knowledge to provide better patient care |
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| A potentially harmful beneficial event |
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| The extent to which a sample reflects the characteristics of a population from which it is drawn. |
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| A type of research design in which combinations of several independent variables are manipulated concurrently. |
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| An effect which results in the improvement of subjects performances through being observed and/or social contact. An example is a placebo effect. |
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| Unforeseen and uncontrolled events occurring over time to the participants during the study that are outside the control of the researcher and which may be responsible for changes in the participants. |
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| A proposition advanced by the researcher which is evaluated using the data collected. |
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| A method of sampling in which the researcher takes the most conveniently available cases. |
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| In an experiment, the ______ variable is the condition manipulated by the researcher. |
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| The situation where a competent person, in possession of all relevant facts, has agreed to participate in a research study. |
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| Type of error that is a result from the accuracy of the measurement device or tool |
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| Refers to factors that impact the ability of the researcher to attribute differences in the groups or participants to the independent variable or treament. |
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| Error associated with poor design or implementation of a treatment |
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| This is a section of a research report in which the previous research that has been done in the area is reviewed and related to the present problem being studied. |
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| In a study, subjects may be assigned to their groups using similar subjects to members of the other group. |
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| The phenomenon where participants in a study change spontaneously over time due to natural developmental changes. |
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| Error associated with the way in which data are collected or recorded |
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| A validity threat were subjects are no longer part of the study (due to death or attrition) |
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| A situation where the researcher studies phenomenon without deliberate intervention. |
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| A study in which the researcher observes a situation but does not systematically manipulate or experiment with it. This may also be called descriptive design. |
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| A preliminary study where the procedures and protocols are tested |
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| A sham treatment with no appreciable effect on the outcome variable |
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| The total group of people, institutions, cases or objects of interest to the researcher. |
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| A type of experimental study in which measurements of the groups are taken only after an intervention has occurred. |
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| A type of experimental study in which measurements of the groups are taken both prior to and following an intervention. This allows the direct comparison of before and after the intervention. |
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| Efforts to prevent a disease before it is manifested |
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| Data collected over time from a beginning reference point, such as a baseline measure |
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| An approach to research that emphasizes the non-numerical and interpretive analysis of social phenomena. |
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| An approach to research that emphasizes the collection of numerical data and the statistical analysis of hypotheses proposed by the researcher. |
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| Quasi-experimental-designs |
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| A structured research design that is experiment-like but does not involve its full characteristics such as a control group and random assignment of subjects to treatment groups. |
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| Subjects are assigned to their groups by using a random method. For example, in a two-group study the tossing of a coin to assign subjects to groups |
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| A group of cases drawn from a population such that each member of the population has had an equal chance of selection. |
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| The process of selecting cases from a population such that each member of the population has had an equal chance of selection. |
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| The ability of an instrument to provide consistent results over time |
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| A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn. |
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| A systematic study of variation |
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| Data that is collected from/about past events |
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| An agent or event that is believed to increase the probability of a certain outcome or illness. |
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| The phenomenon where the expectations of the researchers in a study influence the outcome. |
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| A group of cases selected from a population |
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| Early detection of a disease of condition that already exists |
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| A type of research design in which characteristics of the cases under study are systematically recorded without the researcher attempting to actively change the situation. A non-experimental type of study. |
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| Providing treatment to a disease or condition to prevent or reduce to negative consequences |
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| A series of measurements taken repeatedly from the same person of group of people, over time. |
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| The ability of an instrument to provide an accurate representation of a true value |
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| A property or attribute that varies. For example, gender, age and weight. |
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