Term
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Definition
| random selection of elements from the sampling frame for inclusion in a study. |
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Term
| Stratified Random Sampling |
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Definition
| technique used when the researcher knows some of the variables in the population that are critical to achieving representativeness; the sample is divided into strata or groups using these identified variables. |
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Definition
| sampling in which a frame is developed that includes a list of all the states, cities, institutions, or organizations (clusters) that could be used in a study; a randomized sample is drawn from this list. |
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Term
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Definition
| selecting every kth individual from an ordered list of all members of a population, using a randomly selected starting point. |
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Definition
| including subjects in the study who happened to be in the right place at the right time, with addition of available subjects until the desired sample size is reached. Sometimes referred to as “accidental” sampling. |
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Term
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Definition
| convenience sampling technique with an added strategy to ensure the inclusion of subjects who are likely to be underrepresented in the convenience sample, such as women, minority groups and undereducated persons. |
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Term
| Purposeful or Purpose Sampling |
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Definition
| judgmental or selective sampling that involves the conscious selection by the researcher of certain subjects or elements to include in a study. This sampling strategy is used most freq in qualitative research. |
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Term
| Network or Snowball Sampling |
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Definition
| sampling technique that takes advantage of social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common; subjects meeting the sample criteria are asked to assist in locating others with similar characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| sampling in which data are gathered from any individual subject or gorup that can provide relevant information for theory generation. |
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Term
| Descriptive Quantitative Design |
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Definition
- account of natural, real life variables
- no manipulation
- Goal: description of concepts, characteristics, possible relationships, develop hypotheses
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Term
| Correlation Quantitative Design |
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Definition
- relationship between variables
- range: -1 to 1
- Goal: explain relationships (not cause and effect), generate hypotheses
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Term
| Experimental Quantitative Design |
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Definition
- examine casual relationship
- treatment/intervention- manipulate one variable
- independent/dependent variables
- highly controlled setting, sample, two groups (pre-post), random assignment
- Goal: Basic science, maybe applicable
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Term
| Quasi-Experimental Quantitative Design |
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Definition
- examine causal relationships
- treatment/intervention, examine effects
- independent/dependent variables
- slightly less level of control: smaller sample selection of convenience
- Goal: apply basic science to realistic situations, convenient/cost contained research.
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Term
| Phenomenological Qualitative Design |
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Definition
- discover unique experience as lived by individuals
- meaning evolves from understanding experience
- goal is to gain an understanding of human nature
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Term
| Grounded Theory Qualitative Design |
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Definition
- use interviews and observations to explore definitions of reality (build theory)
- gain new insights about social processes
- goal is to develop a theory, to possibly test relationships
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Term
| Ethnographic Research Qualitative Design |
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Definition
- study cultures through immersion, gain a “portrait of the people”
- uses interviews and observations to discover emic/etic perspectives of symbols, traditions, rituals, cultural practices and beliefs
- goal is to see cultural influences on individual beliefs and behaviors
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Term
| Historical Qualitative Design |
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Definition
- examines events of the past
- use of text, interviews
- goal is to create awareness of past events and develop understanding of processes
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Term
| What is the purpose of randomization?? |
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Definition
| to increase the extent to which the sample is representative of the target population. |
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Term
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Definition
| moves from the general to the specific or from a general premise to a particular situation or conclusion. Conclusions generated from deductive reasoning are valid only if they are based on valid premises |
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Term
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Definition
moves from the specific to the general; particular instances are observed and then combined into a larger whole or a general statement.
Example:
A headache is an altered level of health that is stressful. A terminal illness is an altered level of health that is stressful. Therefore, it can be induced that all altered levels of health are stressful. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of reading the data, breaking text down into subparts, and giving a label to that part of the text. A grounded theory researcher first codes using open codes to compare the data. |
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Term
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Definition
| large ideas that capture groups of codes. |
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Term
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Definition
determines whether two variables are independent or related; the test can be used with nominal or ordinal data. The procedure examines the frequencies of observed values and compares them with the frequencies that would be expected if the data categories were independent of each other. The procedure is not very powerful; thus, the risk of a type II error is high.
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Term
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Definition
| used to examine group differences when the variables are measured at the interval or ratio level of measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
| (analysis of variance) tests for differences between means of dependent variables. More flexible than other analyses because it can be used to examine data from two or more groups. Tests for differences in variance. The results of an ANOVA are reported as an F statistic. The F distribution table is used to determine the level of significance of the F statistic. If the F statistic is equal to or greater than the appropriate table value, there is a statistically significant difference between the groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. Thus, the researchers concluded that significant results exist in a study, when in reality they do not. The risk of a type I error is indicated by the level of significance |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. Thus, the researchers conclude the study results are nonsignificant when in actuality the results are significant. Type II errors often are a consequence of flaws in the research methods. The risk of a type II error can be determined using power analysis. |
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Term
| Level of Statistical Significance |
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Definition
| the probability level at which the results of statistical analysis are judged to indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups. The level of significance selected for most nursing studies is 0.05. This means that if the level of significance found in the statistical analysis is 0.05 or less, the experimental and comparison groups are considered to be significantly different. |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability of discovery - directly related to sample size |
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Term
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Definition
| A Confounding Variable is an extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation. |
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Term
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Definition
| clarify concepts, suggest factors within concepts, relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| valid and reliable measurable concepts tested, shown valid |
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Term
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Definition
| propose specific approaches to practice |
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Term
| What are the differences between Quasi-Experimental and Experimental Studies? |
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Definition
Quasi-experimental
- less control of environment, sample
- few participants
- not randomly selected
- not randomly assigned to treatment groups
Experimental
- tight control of environment, sample
- large sample
- random selection
- random assignment to treatment groups
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals, elements that are focus of research |
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Term
| Target (study) Population |
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Definition
| meet study criteria, accessible |
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Term
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Definition
| everyone you have access to |
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Term
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Definition
| a representative portion of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| allow for control of extraneous variables |
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Term
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Definition
| allow for generalizability/inference |
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Term
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Definition
| additional research with participants provides no new information |
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Term
| What are the ways to collect data? (4) |
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Definition
- nominal
- ordinal
- interval
- ratio
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Term
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Definition
| mutually exclusive categories, but no rank |
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Term
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Definition
| categories in rank (pain scale, Likert scale) |
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Term
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Definition
| categories, in equal distances, in rank (calculated, both negative and positive, eg. thermometer) |
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Term
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Definition
| categories, rank, equal distance, must have zero quality (eg height, weight) |
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