What is not true of a focus group?

A focus group is unidirectional

Qualitative research examines all of the following except:

measurement of outcomes using numerical data

When are focused groups used?

Used in marketing

Is more dynamic

Answer: B & C 

The process of moving from observations/data towards generalizations, hypotheses, or theory is called:

Induction

An approach used in qualitative research in which the researcher collects, codes, and analyzes data simultaneously is:

Grounded Theory

When qualitative and quantitative research are combined in a single study, the quantitative aspect should be conducted first.

True or false

False

Which of the following does not describe qualitative research?

Used to describe typical or standard values for characteristics of a goven population

In qualitative research, you should always start with an a priori idea of the sample size.

Flase

Qualitative research includes all of the following except:

Reductionist

Triangulation is a process involving

Use of 3 or more different research methods in combination, as a check of validity

Which of the following is a method of qualitative and mixed methods research data collection?

Hint (3)

Observation 

Interviews

Photography

Answe: All of the above

Which of the following is not part of qualitative research?

deductive reasoning

Improving health and safety in the workplace’ is an example of usage of which analytic perspective in qualitative research?

Participatory Action research

Quantitative research is all except:

Is: 3

Except: 1

IS: 

Hypothesis testing

Deductive reasoning

Uses numbers of quantify

NOT/ Except:

Hypothesis Development

Which is true about QUANTITATIVE research?

usues numbers to quantify

Detuction referes to :

Which of the following is a method by which one gathers qualitative data?

Interviews

Focus Groups

Videography

Answe: All of the above

Which of the following types of qualitative and mixed methods deals primarily with understanding mechanisms and developing theories?

Grounded theory

Which of the following statements best describes Quantitative Research? 

Is reductionist, Deductive, and believes n one truth

Quantitative research uses ___________ reasoning

Deductive

The reasoning behind a qualitative research goal is? 

Inductive

Induction: Process of moving from Observation/Data towards generalisations, hypotheses, or theory.

True / False

True

All are benefits of a focus group except:

Dominating peronalities

Quantitative research precedes qualitative research.

T / F

False

Which of the following is not true about qualitative research?

it is deductive

Which of the following BEST describes qualitative research?
HInt: 2 

Inductive reasoning and hypothesis development

Which of the following is NOT a method of performing qualitative research?

IS: 3

Not: 1

Interview

Focus Group

Observations

RCT

Which of the following could be utilized to comprehensively assess risks and potential interventions?

Site visits & Interviews w/ residents

Video record transfers

Proactive risk assessment (PRA)

Answer: ALl of the above

Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?

mixed research

In order to measure or quantify a phenomena or variable we first need to: 

Qualify it and define it

Deductive research is closely related with what type of research?

quantitative research

Qualitative research uses what type of research?

quantitative research

Phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory may all be used in qualitative research design; these are considered ____ because they require substantial observation and interaction with subjects in their own natural environment.

natiralistic inquiry

___ is the study of attitude, beliefs and behaviors of a specific group of people within their own cultural milieu. The researcher becomes immersed in the subject’s way of life to understand the cultural forces that shape behavior and feelings.

Ethnography

The tradition known as ____ seeks to draw meaning from complex realities through careful analysis of first-person narrative materials. 

Phenomenology

Which of the following is NOT a theoretical perspective used in qualitative and mixed methods research?

Is: 
Feminist

Pragmatic

Biopsychological

Not: Visual Research

A “dominant discourse”… 

• can overpower other ways of thinking, views and knowledge from different sources
• are grouped statements that form recognizable thinking models in textual and verbal communications deeply affected by social structures
• consist of a set of common assumptions that may be taken for granted as to be invisible or assumed

Fill in the table.

Qualitative

Fill in the table.

Quantitative

When analyzing interview data, you have achieved saturation when…

data collection and analysis until no new knowledge (codes) emerge

There is no need to analyze data, develop theory or draw conclusions from qualitative interviews; Atlas.ti will do all the work for the researcher.

False

Which is a feature of Atlas.ti?

interactive and automatic coding of text, image, audio and video material

editable documents (.rtf) with dynamic multi-project updates

visual model building with the graphical Network Explorer

d) all of the above

Which of the following is the best case scenario you can achieve in a Proactive Risk assessment?

High detectability, Low Effect, and Low Probability

What is the correct sequence of methods in a PRA?

Observations, video recording, and intervention

In a textual-thematic analysis, _______________ are used to identify elements that appear repeatedly in interviews.

Codes

All of the following describe detectability except:

With High detectability the system failure / hazard will be identified after it causes harm

What is the likeliness that the system failure or hazard will be detected by staff before it causes harm or interrupts completion of the task?

Detectability

What is the difference between a root-cause analysis and a proactive risk assessment?

Root - Cause

Proactive Risk Assessment

Root-cause analysis is done after an incident has already occurred in order to figure out what went wrong

Proactive risk assessment is done before a study to see what could go wrong

In regards to a Proactive Risk assessment, you should place more importance on trying to address potential risks in the assessment that have?

Low detectability, high effect, high probability

The most likely worst case outcome in a proactive risk assessment matrix is called?

Effect

How often the system failure or hazard has occurred in the past based on personal experience and the history of this type of event at the hospital is called?

Probability

All of the following describe effect except:

IS:

With high detecabilty patient outcome could be death or 

 With low effect, the patient outcome does not entail injury

With moderate effect the patient outcome could be a permanent lessening of function

NOT:

It is defined as the best case outcome

The ICF model can be a useful way to organize output from a series of interviews.  Which of the following is not a component of the ICF?

Impairments

The following are examples of environmental factors resulting in increase fall risk, EXCEPT?

Lack of cooperation

Which one of the following is part of a parameter used to classify failure modes and their causes in a PRA?

Effect 

Detectability

Probability

Which of the following is the BEST definition for Discourse Analysis?

Trying to understand the cultural tendencies and the true meaning behind what people have said 

Which of the following describes a high probability (how often the system failure or hazard has occurred in the past based on personal experience and the history of this type of event at the hospital)?

Likely to occur 1-2 times in the next year

Evaluating, designing, and implementing an intervention to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries during patient’s transfers, is known as:

Proactive Risk assessment (PRA)

What assessment tool is used when there is reasonable amount of risk and its purpose is to insure safety? 

PRA

When analyzing detectability, effect, and probably which of the following would be ideal?

High detectability

Low effect

Low probability

In Vieira et. al’s paper, Safety in Bariatric Patient Transfers, what was the purpose of a proactive risk assessment? 

Evaluating, designing, and implementing an intervention to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries during bariatric patient transfers

When is a proactive risk assessment performed?

In Vieira et. al’s paper, Safety in Bariatric Patient Transfers, who was part of the multidisciplinary team?

staff nurses, physical therapists, researchers, and decision makers 

In Vieira et. al’s paper, Safety in Bariatric Patient Transfers, what is a process flow diagram?

description of the steps of the transfers and their phases 

In Vieira et. al’s paper, Safety in Bariatric Patient Transfers, what are failure modes and causes? 

Potential risks that occur during the transfers and what caused them to happen

The failure modes and their causes were classified in relation to their…

Detectability, effect, and probability

In Vieira et. al’s paper, Safety in Bariatric Patient Transfers, after the intervention was implemented, there was no need to re-evaluate the new situation.

False

Using the proactive risk assessment matrix determine the following scores… NEED TO INSERT MATRIX

ADD HERE

patient transfer systems replaced with?

ceiling lifts were installed

What is a participatory approach?

to establish the rate of falls and gather information from patients, staff and family members about risk factors and measures to prevent falls among the patients on a geriatric rehabilitation unit

Which is a software program used specifically in qualitative research? 

Atlas. Ti

When coding interviews in qualitative research, you should consult the Book of Standard Interview Codes to define your codes and themes.

T / F

False

What are the components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model?

Body Function and structure, activity, participation, personal factors, environmental factors

“Physiological and psychological function of the body systems and their anatomical parts,” is the definition of:

Body & Function

“Execution of tasks or actions by individuals,” is the definition of:

Activity

“Tasks in life situations,” is the definition of:

Participation

Personal factors impacting the individual’s performance,” is the definition of:

Personal Factors

“Physical and organization context and setting,” is the definition of:

Environmental Factors

According to ICF model

“lack of knowledge of staff and/or patient”?

Personal Factors

According to ICF model

 where would you classify the following risk for falls, “pain, dementia, confusion”

body function and structure

According to ICF

improper use of equipment

Acitivity & Participation

According to ICF model

where would you classify the following risk for falls, “wet floors”?

Environmental

When doing a Proactive Risk Assessment, one should define and analyze the failure modes and causes? T/F

True

The linear regression is a(n) ___________ of the relationship:

Prediction

T/F  Concurrent reliability evaluates whether measurements or results from different devices or tests are similar or the same. 

False

Concurrent validity:

B.     Is used to test whether a new instrument is interchangeable with an established “gold standard”

C.     Requires reliability

D.     Both B and C

The statement, “Is it true that a positive lachman’s test represents an injury of the ACL?” represents what type of validity?

Predictive Validity

Whatis Parallel Reliability?

evaluates whether measurements or results from different devices or tests are similar or the same

Predictive Validity

is determined whether the predictions originating from the measurements come true

Which of the following is true about Concurrent validity?

It is used to test whether a new intrument is interchangeble with the established gold standard

What is the degree of error in the regression line and is determined by subtracting the actual value from the predicted value?

Residual

A regression line for a distribution of scores was created. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) for this distribution of scores is r =0.06. When evaluating the scatter plot you notice that there is an outlier. What would most likely happen to the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) if this outlier were to be removed from the scatter plot?

Increase 

The ______ the standard error of estimate (SEE) the closer the data points are to the regression line and the _____ the prediction accuracy.

Smaller, Better

Which of the following is true about evidence based practice:

a)    Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and client values

b)   Qualitative methodologies can provide evidence to support clinical decision-making that cannot be provided by quantitative research

c)    The best evidence of effects of intervention is provided by randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews

d)   All of the above

Regression is:

Presiction

Model of best practice Include all of the following except:

Evaluation

Regarding the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, which of the following statements is true?

If its negative one, it's an inverse relationship

Parallel Reliabilty

It evaluated whether measurements or results from different devices or tests are similar or the same

The Pearson Correlation Coefficient:

a)     ranges from -1 to 1

b)    tells you the strength of a relationship

c)     tells you about the association of two groups

d)    all of the above

The strength of a relationship between two variables is defined by:

Correlation

In the equation defining the linear regression line, a represents:

            Y = a + bX

a= regression constant

Which of the following is not correct regarding residuals:

A positive residual indicates the regression equation overestimates the predicted value

When is the coefficient of determination (r²) considered to be a more meaningful description of the relationship between X and Y?

When Y is predicted from X

In the equation defining the linear regression line, b represents:

            Y = a + bX

The rate of change in Y for each one-unit change in Y

Which of the following techniques is used to predict the value of one variable on the basis of other variables?

Regression Analysis

A positive correlation is present when _______.

2 variables move in the same direction

In the C.O.R.E. model, the arrows represent the integration of research evidence with clinical skills.

T /F

True

Is the proactive risk assessment  only done during the literature review process?

False - done at all times throughout the research process

Which is not considered in the process flow diagram?

Outcomes measures

What order of methods is correct for a proactive risk assessment?

Observation -> video recording -> proactive risk assessment -> intervention

 An ongoing process of C 

 What is the process flow diagram in a proactive risk assessment?

A description of the steps of the process and their phases

              To make the risk coding diagram easier to read what can you apply it to?

The ICF model

  What categories of the ICF model do you group the risk codes into?

Body function and structure, activity, participation, personal factors, enviornment factors

A progress flow chart of analyzing proactive risk assessments should include all of the flowing except: 

NOT:

Level Of experience

Is:

Understanding of steps

Requirements

 Risks involved 

Objectives that Physical Therapist’s should be included in fall risks and prevention in geriatric rehabilitation include all of the following except

Social Status of patients

IS:

Assess falls risks

Design an intervention

Implement the intervention

Correlation examines

Strength of a relationship

This type of reliability evaluates whether measurements or results from different devices or tests are similar or the same: 

Parallel Reliability

Hypothesis testing falls under what form of research 

Quantitative Research

To comprehensively assess risks and potential interventions using a participatory research in qualitative research including all of the following except:

Occupational Status

IS:

Site visits and interviews with residents

Video Record transfers

Biomechanical illustrations

Which one is the independent variables?

x

Which one is the dependent variable?

Y

What is predictive validity?

Is determined whether the predictions originating from the measurements come true

What is concurrent validity?

it is used to test whether a new instrument is interchangable with an established "gold standard"

What is parallel reliability?

It evaluates whether measurements or results from different devices or tests are similar or the same

What does the Model of Best Practice include?

a.     Theory

b.     Research

c.     Assessment & Intervention

d.     Outcome & Evaluation

All of the above

Which one is used when looking for similaraties in research

ICC

Validity = 

a.     Corrections

b.     Reliability

c.     Variability

d.     Two of the above

A Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) of r=0.83 has good parallel reliability 

True

What is the percentage of total variance in systolic blood pressure if r=0.87?

76%

What is Evidence Based Practice

the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and client values 

Qualitative methodologies can provide evidence to support clinical decision-making that cannot be provided by quantitative research

T / F

True

The best evidence of effects of interventions is provided by randomized controlled trials and systemic reviews.

T/F

True

The only way to keep up with the most current evidence in physical therapy is to read Physical Therapy Journal cover to cover every month.

T /F

False

What are the components of the Model of Best Practice in Physical Therapy? 

Theory Assessment & intervention, research, outcomes & evaluation, and contextual factors (perdonal environment)

If you want to find similarities in an experiment, you can use:

Correlation 

ICC

ANswer: A & B

If you want to find differences in an experiment, you can use:

ANOVA

T-test

Both A & B

Which of the following r-values would represent a strong inverse relationship?

-1

___ is used to determine the strength of the relationship, and ___ is used for prediction.

correlation, regression

The algebraic representation of the regression line is given by:

Y = a+bx

Matching.

            1. Y

            2. a

            3. b

            4. x

a)Y-intercept (Y when X=0)

            b) Dependent/criterion variable

c) Slope (rate of change in Y for each X increase)

            d) Independent predictor variable 

1. b

2. a

3. c

4. d

Show Figure 24.2. Use the following equation, Y= 1 + 2x, predict Y if x=3.

7

Residuals…

represent the degree of error in the regression line

If r=0, what will your graph look like?

horizontal line / linear

In the previous question, what does that line mean?

the data points are not correlated at all and prediction cannot be done

Show Figure 24.7. In this graph, how does the presence of an outline in B change the regression line from A?

it underestimates the degree of association in the data

The ___ is actually a combination of analysis of variance and linear regression. It is used to compare groups on a dependent variable, where there is reason to suspect that groups differ on some relevant characteristic, called a ___, before treatment.

ANCOVA, covariate

Statisticians have shown that the square of the correlation coefficient, r², represents the percentage of total variance in the Y score that can be explained by X scores. Therefore, r² is a measure of proportion, indicating the accuracy of prediction based on X.  This is called:

coefficient of determination

What was the objective of Vieira et. al’s paper, Parallel Reliability of Lumbar-Flexion Measurements? 

to describe and evaluate the parallel reliability of 2 methods of measuring lumbar flexion

___ evaluates whether measurements or results from different devices or tests are similar or the same.

parallel reliability

___ is used to test whether a new instrument is interchangeable with an established “gold standard”

concurrent validity

____ is determined whether the predictions originating from the measurements come true. 

predictive validity

If the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) is .90, this represents a:

good relationship

When doing a patient evaluation what type of research are you using?

Mixed Methods (both A & B)

What is evidence based practice?

 Your clinical experiences and client values

  The best research evidence possible to date

c.      Integration of B & C

If you want to see differences in data which data analysis do you not use?

ICC

What does the r value represent?

correlation coefficient

T/F Regression tells you the strength of the relationship

False

Which of the examples listed represents an inverse relationship?

Physical activity and BP

T/F The coefficient of determination is how well the variability of data is explained by the  regression line  

True

   What evaluates whether measurements or results from different devices or tests are similar or the same?

It is cheap

T/F. Each point on a scatter plot represents a residual.

True

Which statement is FALSE regarding the study on parallel reliability of lumbar flexion measurements?

Is:

  The stick markers’ technique measures of lumbar flexion presents high reliability

The introduced distanciometer measures are fairly reliable

 An electrogoniometer although highly reliable can be cost prohibitive

NOt:

b.     The used inclinometers measures are reliable regardless of placemen

T/Fqualitative methodologies can  provide  evidence  to  support  clinical   decision-making  that  cannot  be  provided  by  quantitative  research

True

Advantages of the electric goniometer include:

Flexibity

High reliability

Answer: A & B

Bonus

T/F: Dr. Vieira invented the distanciometer? 

True