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| When an experiment finds an effect of the IV on the DV when there actually isn't one. |
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| When an experiment fails to find an effect of the IV on the DV when there actually is one. |
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| Research technique with random assignment in which the researcher manipulates the IV and measures the DV. |
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| a nuisance variable that varies non-randomly with the IV. |
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| occurs when the DV is so high or so low that it is impossible to show an effect of the IV on the DV |
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Definition
| Any variable other than the IV that can affect the DV. Not fatal. |
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| When a relationship exists between two variables in which a change in one results in a change in the other. |
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| The variable the researcher measures to determine the effect of the Independent Variable. |
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| The variable the researcher manipulates/chooses values for. |
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| levels of the Independent Variable |
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Definition
| specific values of the IV that a researcher chooses to study. |
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| An IV whose levels were chosen non-randomly. Results cannot be generalized beyond the levels used. |
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| An IV whose levels were chosen randomly from a population of possible values. If a reliable effect of a random factor is found it may be generalized to all other levels in the population |
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| Factors determining statistical power |
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Definition
| 1)alpha level 2)Effect Size 3) Variability in the DV 4)Sample Size 5) (W/in Subjects Design only) correlation between the IV levels |
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| Probability of making a Type I error. |
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| Research technique that manipulates a a IV but lacks random assignment. |
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| Probability of making a Type II error. |
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Definition
| research technique in which the researcher simply observes and describes behavior. Used for answering simple questions and generate research ideas |
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Definition
| research technique that attempts to determine the relationship between variables without manipulating them. |
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Definition
| research design in which there is more than one IV and every IV level is present at all levels of the other IVs |
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Definition
| The independent effect of one IV on the DV in a factorial design. |
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| A statistic used to indicate the direction and strength of linear relationship between two variables measured on an interval or ratio scale. |
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| correlation cannot be used to determine causation because: |
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Definition
1)Directionality Problem Sometimes unclear which variable is cause and which is effect
2)Third Variable Problem A third unmeasured variable may be causing the relationship |
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| Mathmatical limitations of correlations |
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Definition
| 1)poor at capturing non-linear relationships 2)Greatly effected by extreme scores 3)can be lowered by range-restriction (floor or ceiling effect) |
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Definition
| a description of the behavior and abilities of a single, usually exceptional, individual. Best used to generate hypothesis testable by other methods |
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Term
| Experimental Single Subject Design |
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Definition
| Effect of IV on the DV are examined using one subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental Single Subject Design where subjects behavior is recorded prior to the treatment. Then the treatment is introduced and behavior is measured again. The treatment is withdrawn to see if thebehavior reverts to pre-treatment levels. Then the treatment is reintroduced. |
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Definition
| Type of Experimental Single Subject Design where a)several different behaviors of one subject are measured. b)Treatment is applied to only one of the behaviors. c)research determines if the treated behavior changes relative to the other behaviors. d) process is repeated for each other behavior |
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| Proportion of Variance Accounted for |
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Definition
| The amount of variability in one variable that can be predicted by knowing the values of another variable |
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Definition
| research design in which there is more than one IV and every IV level is present at all levels of the other IVs. |
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Definition
| occurs when the effects of one IV on the DV change depending on level of another IV |
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Definition
| Research technique in which the researcher manipulates the IV but which fails to have random assignment. |
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Definition
| Within subjects design in which the performance of a single group of subjects is measured both before and after some experimental treatment |
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| Single group pre-test/post-test design |
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Definition
| Time-series design in which only one measurement of DV is made before treatment and only one measurement is made after the treatment |
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| Interrupted time-series design |
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Definition
| time-series design in which more than one measurement is made of the DV before IV manipulation and more than one measurement is made afterwards. |
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| Non-Equivalent Before-After Design |
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Definition
| Pre-test and post test assigned groups of subjects (non-randomly). The difference between the pre and post test scores serves as the DV. |
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| researcher uses archival data to study an event that occurred in the past. |
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| A tentative statement about the possible relationship between observable variables |
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| Explanation for phenomenon that can be falsified and that involves entities that cannot be directly observed |
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Definition
| each participant receives all levels of the IV |
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| Circumstances when the experimental approach cannot be used |
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Definition
| Unethical, difficult/impossible, no random assignment not possible |
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Definition
| The extent to which a study provides a valid test of the relationship between the IV and DV |
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Definition
| The extent to which the results can be applied outside the research situation. |
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| possible values of the correlation co-efficient |
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Definition
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| Advantages of the experimental technique |
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Definition
| able to infer causal relationships. |
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| Properties of scales of measurment |
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Definition
Identity: different entities receive different scores
Magnitude:ordering of values on the scale reflects the order of the trait being measured
Equal Intervals: occurs when a difference of 1 on the scale is the same amount of the trait being measured everywhere on the scale |
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Definition
| occurs when subjects change their behavior because they realize what the manipulations are in the study~fatal |
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Definition
| occurs when effects of one treatment persist when another treatment is introduced. Can only be corrected by use of between subjects design. |
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Definition
| occur when the subjects performance on the experimental changes either for better or worse as a result of experience with tasks |
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Definition
| method of assigning subjects to treatment orders so that across subjects practice effects are even. |
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| Tendency for extreme values to fall closer to the group mean when retested. |
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| as one variable increases the other variable also tends to go up. |
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Definition
| When one variable goes up the other variable tends to go down. |
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Term
| Function of a latin square |
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Definition
| To balance practice effects. |
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Definition
| a demand characteristic that occurs when subjects change there behavior as a result of their expectation that change should occur. |
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Definition
| aspects of a study that indicate to the subjects how they are to respond |
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Term
| Rosenthal Effect (Experimenter Expectancy Effect) |
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Definition
| Demand Characteristic that occurs when subjects change their behavior due to unintentional cues from the researcher. |
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Term
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Definition
| Demand Characteristic occurs when subjects change their behavior because they know they are being watched. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the IV influences the DV only because its new. |
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