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| A distribution that contains two modes. |
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| A tool to help us understand information that we generate and help us to organize large amounts of information in a succinct manner. |
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| Contains mathematical properties that suggest equal intervals between values. |
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| The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores. |
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| Measures of Central Tendency |
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| Provides a mathematical index of how scores are grouped around the middle of the distribution. There are three measures of central tendency (Mode, Median, and Mean.) |
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| Provides a mathematical index of how spread out the scores are around the mean. There are three measures of variability (Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation.) |
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| The halfway point in a distribution. |
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| The most frequently occurring score in a distribution. |
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| Contains more than two modes; in other words, the most frequently occurring score occurs at several points in the distribution. |
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| A distribution with unusual variability. Most of the data are grouped at the upper end of the distribution and one outlier is typically contained at the lower end of the distribution. The tail of the distribution points in a negative direction. |
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| Allows for classification or categorization of data. A nominal scale uses labels, rather than numbers. |
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| A theoretical distribution of scores associated with percentiles reflected in the population. |
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| Allows for information to be placed in a hierarchy, but does not assume equal distances between values. |
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| A statistical measure used to describe a population. |
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| A distribution with unusual variability. Most of the data are grouped at the lower end of the distribution and one outlier is typically contained at the upper end of the distribution. The tail of the distribution points in a positive direction. |
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| The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in the distribution. |
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| Scales where data possesses equal intervals between values and an absolute zero. |
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| Classification of numerical values on the basis of permissible mathematical functions. |
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| An index of of variability or standard distance from the mean, as reported in raw score values. |
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| Average squared deviations from the mean. |
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| Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (H1) |
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Definition
| A statement about the anticipated relationship between the IV and the DV. |
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| The number of values that are free to vary when using an inferential statistic. |
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| Degree or magnitude of difference between treatment means. |
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| Using a sample to calculate probability of an event and to generalize the likelihood of the event back to the larger population. |
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| A statistical hypothesis that posits there is no relationship between the IV and the DV. |
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| The likelihood that we will accurately detect an effect. |
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| Distribution of means for a particular sample size. |
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| Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) |
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Definition
| An index of variability for the means of the population distribution. |
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| A false positive; detecting a difference when a difference does not actually exist. |
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| A false negative; not detecting a difference when an actual difference is present. |
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| In survey research, the tendency to agree with the assertion of a question, regardless of its content. |
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Definition
| Data collection that includes every member of a population of interest. |
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Definition
| A set of sampling techniques that relies on people who know about a population or are members of that population to gain access to information about the group. |
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| Chronically Accessible Information |
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Definition
| Memories that are always available for retrieval at any time. |
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Definition
| In survey research, a question that contains a set of answers that a respondent chooses. |
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Definition
| Population of interest that is hard to study because the people in those groups are engaged in activities that may be embarrassing or illegal (e.g. drug users), so they do not want to be recognized as members of that population. |
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Definition
| A form of social desirability bias in which respondents actively deceive a researcher in order to generate a positive impression of themselves in the researcher's eyes. |
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Definition
| A sampling technique that relies on getting information from people who know about a population of interest rather than from members of that population themselves. |
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| The tendency of respondents to give the same answer to questions, regardless of content. |
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| In survey research, a question that respondents answer using their words, unconstrained by choices provided by the researcher. |
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| The tendency of respondents to search for the best response to a question. |
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| A set consisting of every person or data point that would be of interest to a researcher. |
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| Respondent-driven Sampling |
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Definition
| A sampling technique in which a researcher uses a member of the population of interest to actively recruit others, often with some incentive like money for engaging in this recruiting. |
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Definition
| A tendency for a respondent to answer in predictable ways, independent of the question content, such as always agreeing with a statement or always providing high or low ratings or a Likert scale. |
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| A subset of a population from which a sample is actually selected. |
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| The tendency of a respondents to be satisfied with the first acceptable response to a question to a question or on a task, even if it is not the best response. |
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| Self-deception Positivity |
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Definition
| A form of social desirability bias in which respondents provide generally honest, but overly optimistic, information about themselves that generates a positive impression of them. |
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Definition
| In survey research, a nonrandom, biased sampling technique in which people choose to participate in the research rather than being selected by the investigator. |
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Definition
| A chain-referral sampling technique in which one person from a population of interest identifies another person from that population to a researcher who contacts that second person, then that new person refers yet another individual, for as many stages as desired by the researcher. |
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Definition
| The tendency of respondents to answer questions in ways that generate a positive impression of themselves. |
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| A research method in which an investigator asks questions of a respondent. |
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Definition
| A sampling technique that relies on finding locations that attract members of the population of interest and getting information from these people at such locations. |
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Definition
| A phenomenon of memory in which events that occurred in the distance past are remembered of as having occurred more recently than they actually did. |
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| Temporary Accessible Information |
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Definition
| Memories that are available for retrieval only when cued by exposure to information that cues those memories. |
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