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| Field of study concerned with the theory and practical applications of education and psychological measurement |
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| Psychological measurement |
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| Assignment of numbers to objects or events according to some rule |
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| Abstract concepts or qualities that do not physically exist but which we attempt to measure |
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| An attribute, quality, or entity that can assume different values across people or things |
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| Statement of the process or procedure used to measure or manipulate a construct |
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| Deviation of an observed measurement from it's "true value" |
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| Deviations caused by constructs other than the desired construct |
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| Deviations caused by nonsystematic chance variation in other influences (how you felt that morning, pencil slips, etc.) |
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| Extent to which a measure produces consistent observed scores |
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| Extent to which a measure accurately reflects the desired construct |
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| Percentage of observed score variance accounted for by true score variance |
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| Correlation between the scores of people who have responded to a measure twice |
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| Consistency of two or more observers' measurements of a single event |
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| Internal consistency reliability |
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| Consistency of scores for all items in a single measure |
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| Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) |
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Definition
| Standard deviation around an individual's true score |
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| Extent to which items or observations of a measure/variable accurately represent all domains of the construct of interest |
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| Extent to which items or observations of a measure/variable accurately predict construct-relevant outcomes/behaviors |
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| Extent to which items or observations of a measure/variable accurately reflect the unobserved construct it claims to measure |
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| Degree to which the measure does not asses the entire domain of the construct |
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| Degree to which the measure assesses things that are not related to thin construct of interest |
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| Degree to which the measure assesses the construct domain |
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| Total set of behaviors, categories, thoughts, etc. that could be used to measure a specific construct. |
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| The correlation between the predictor and the outcome |
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| Relationship between predictor and criterion measured in the future. |
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| Relationship between predictor and a criterion measured currently |
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| Internal structure validity |
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| Degree to which items in a single measure form meaningful patterns of inter-correlations |
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| Degree to which the measure correlates with other measures of the same construct |
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| Degree to which the measure correlates with other measures of different constructs |
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| Group of item, scale, or observational rating that seem to "hang together" to describe a broader, more generalizable construct |
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| Theoretical network of construct-to-construct associations stated at an abstract level |
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| Belief that because measures are called by the same name, they are measuring the same thing |
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| Belief that because measures are called by different names, they are measuring different things |
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| Whether we can observe the same relationships across different samples, settings, and times |
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| Procedure by which individuals are selected to participate in a research study |
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| Set of all people, objects, or events of interest to the researcher |
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| A single member of the population |
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| Mutually exclusive subsets of the population each containing population elements that possess a common characteristic |
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| A group of population elements that has approximately the same distribution/proportion of characteristics as the population from which they were drawn |
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| Difference in the distribution of characteristics between the sample and the population as a whole |
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| Measure of the degree of sampling error across multiple samples (avg. sampling error across groups) |
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| Sampling method in which every element of the sampled population has a known probability of being valued in the sample |
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| Sampling method in which there is no way to estimate the probability each element has of being included in the sample |
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| Sampling method in which all population elements AND all possible combinations of sample elements have the same chance of being selected |
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| Stratified random sampling |
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| Sampling method in which population is divided into homogeneous subgroups and sample random samples are drawn from each subgroup |
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| Sampling method in which random samples are drawn from larger randomly selected clusters from the population |
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| Accidental (convenience) sampling |
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| Sampling method in which the most readily available individuals are selected |
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| Sampling method in which a specific subset of individuals are targeted for inclusion in the sample |
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| Sampling method in which individuals are selected non-randomly according to a fixed quota |
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| Proportional quota sampling |
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Definition
| Sampling method that attempts to represent the major characteristics of a population by sampling a proportional amount of each characteristic |
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| Non-proportional quota sampling |
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Definition
| Sampling method which specifies the minimum # of units desired for each category, and samples until these minimums are achieved. |
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| Sampling method in which members of the initial sample enlist other members of the target population who meet the criteria for inclusion |
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| Characteristics of either the interviewer's appearance or the manner by which a question is asked |
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| % of people in initial sample who actually complete the survey/provide data |
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| Scale in which numbers simply serve as labels for different categories |
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| Scale in which numbers represent specific ordering or hierarchical ranking |
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| Scale in which numbers represent real amounts of something AND reflect relative differences in magnitude, but there is not true zero |
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| Scale in which numbers represent real amounts of something, reflect relative differences in magnitude, AND there is a true zero |
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| Person indicates "how much" of something they possess by placing a mark at the appropriate point on a line that runs from one extreme of an attribute to the other |
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| Scale used to provide responses to multiple items in a measure |
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| Studies where purposeful manipulation of the IV is meant to have a direct impact on participant's behavior |
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| Studies where set of conditions are presented/provided and participants are asked to respond to the stimulus materials |
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| Studies where detailed observations of naturally occurring behaviors or interactions are made over time |
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| Extent to which a study/lab task resembles the real world |
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| Extent to which a study/lab task is psychologically meaningful to participants |
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| Expectations held by researcher influence either the manner by which respondents behave or the measurements obtained int eh study |
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| Participants act, think, or feel in ways that they think the researcher wants them to |
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| Participant tries to figure out the experimenter's hypotheses and purposely confirm them |
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| Participant tries to figure out the experimenter's hypotheses and purposely disconfirm them |
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| Participant is so concerned about being evaluated by the experimenter that they act in a socially desirable manner |
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| Participant blindly does exactly what the experimenter tells him to do |
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| Investigate theoretically predicted associations between constructs that can occur in any location, place, or time |
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| Interested in the association/effect that will be obtained in a particular setting, population, time |
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Specialized cells that convey sensory information into the brain
(.5-1 mm) or 50-100 microns. 100-200 billion of them. |
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Definition
provide supporting functions to neurons
(1/10 size of a neuron) - 1000-2000 billion. No nerve impulse. |
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Definition
| Area of the neuron that contains the nucleus and integrates messages from other neurons |
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(Type of neuron that is RECEPTOR NEURONS IN SKIN) Short stalk from cell body divides
in two branches to form dendrites
and axon. |
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Definition
(Type of neuron that is OLFACTORY SYSTEMS) One axon and one dendrite are
on opposite sides of the cell body |
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Definition
(Type of neuron that is MOTOR NEURON) Dendrites extend in several
directions from the cell body with
one axon. |
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Definition
| Electrical charge across the membrane when the cell is at rest |
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Definition
| Inhibitory - between afferent and efferent neurons |
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Definition
| Myelin in peripheral nervous system (outside of brain and spinal cord). |
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| Myelin in the brain and spinal cord. |
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Definition
| Makes up the blood-brain barrier; assists neurons in chemical uptake |
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Definition
| Garbage pickers of nervous system; activated in response to injury. |
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Definition
| Ability for the flow of ions. |
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Definition
| Excitatory - type of multi |
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| Type of mutli neuron that is either excitatory or inhibitory |
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Definition
| Conduct nerve impulse - send info from point A to point B |
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| Make it go faster - helps neurons - no nerve impulse conduction. |
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Definition
| Negative ions - chloride (Cl-), protein molecules (A-) |
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Term
| Regulation of ions through membrane require... |
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Definition
Pumps and channels
Pumps- requires energy to pump in a certain number of ions and pump out a certain number
Channels- channels closed at rest but open with a change in the voltage of the cell. Energy not required |
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Term
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Definition
Brief and massive depolarization at the axon of a neuron (typically -55 mV).
Used by neurons to tell others when they are activated |
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| Voltage-sensitive channel |
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Definition
| Not all channels open at the same time, but rather in a specific sequence |
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Definition
| The neuron that is sending information and contains vesicles and neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| The site of chemical transmission and uses ligand gated channels. |
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Definition
| Axo-dendritic, Axo-somatic, and Dendro-dendritic. |
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Term
| Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials (IPSP) |
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Definition
| Resting potential is made more negative (Hyperpolarization) –i.e. GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| Self sustaining, All-or-none property, brief, voltage-gated |
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Term
| Postsynaptic potentials (PSP |
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Definition
| Graded, Proportional to stimulus, long-lasting, ligand-gated |
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| Functions of the neuron (RITD) |
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Definition
| Receive, integrate, transform, and distribute information. |
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Term
| Steps of neurotransmitter release |
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Definition
1. Action Potential leads to release of vesicles
2. Vesicles release contents (neurotransmitters and ions) into the synaptic cleft
3. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on post-synaptic area
4. Channels open and ions flow into cell causing EPSP or IPSP. |
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Definition
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| Increase the number of receptors because too few neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Decrease the number of receptors for certain neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| Increases the amount of a certain neurotransmitter which means more receptors are open |
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Definition
| Inject you with a marker - iron will show you where blood is flowing |
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Definition
| Magnet that looks at excitation of cells - snapshot of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| glorified x-ray - poor man’s fMRI - looks at radioactive decay - usually looks at glucose (will accumulate in areas that are active), but can be anything labeled with a radioactive ligand (good for cancer- whole body scans) |
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Definition
Brain waves at depth of cortex
Only good for looking at cortexes - not specific brain regions |
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| Gross Brain Pathology (invasive) |
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Definition
| Look for large structural changes - obvious malformations |
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Definition
| This shows blood in the brain – a sign of hemorrhage (stroke) |
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Definition
| give a little electricity, see what the cells do |
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| Polymerase (invasive) Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| Blood amplifier to see DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Taking tissue from the living state and now being able to look at it under the microscope
Technique to section tissue and allows for further investigation
Range of thicknesses at which tissue may be sectioned
Thickness based on tool to be used |
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Term
| Stereological Quantification (invasive) |
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Definition
| Determination of the number of items within the tissue (neurons, glia, cells expressing a certain protein, etc) |
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| Immunocytochemistry (invasive) |
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Definition
Allows you to precisely visualize just one (or multiple, if you can) item
Need to know the protein of interest so that an antibody can be created against it
Gives pretty pictures
Due to the potential confound of amplification, not the purest true estimator of numbers
Use antibody against specific protein
Excellent tool for localization
Not best for quantity estimation |
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Term
| Electrophysiology (invasive) |
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Definition
Can turn things on and off (a lot of different receptors and channels) and see what the response is
- Because of this work, can figure out exactly what a drug does and where it works in an animal
Sophisticated technique that allows you to document individual cell or cell population functioning
Can look at sub-components of cells (e.g. channels)
Can stimulate and/or record |
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Term
| High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (invasive) |
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Definition
| - Look at time-locked changes in release of neurochemicals following some event |
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Definition
For all senses except taste, the right hemisphere “controls” the left “side” of the body
Non-language sounds, music, geometric patterns, faces, spatial ability, emotional content, nonverbal memory, touch |
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Definition
| Words, letters, language sounds, complex movements, speech, writing, reading, verbal memory |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of the spinal nerves
These nerves receive sensory information from the periphery, and respond with motor action (e.g. move leg when touches thorn)
Afferent and efferent information sent along same nerves
Dorsal portion of spinal cord: Carries sensory information
Ventral portion of spinal cord: carries motor information |
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Definition
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Definition
All nerves originate along the spinal cord
- These start in the ganglia (little balls of neurons outside of spinal cord) |
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Definition
All nerves are pretty much in the brain
- Insetead of ganglia, PSP uses cranial nerves |
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Term
| Acetylcholine (sympathetic) |
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Definition
Released from the ventral horn of the Spinal Cord
Causes release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic chain ganglion
Parasympathetic: Uses cranial nerves (ACh release from ganglia) |
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Definition
| Horizontal sheet through brain |
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Definition
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| Vertical through middle of head |
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| Probably the most famous person to have survived severe damage to the brain. He is also the first patient from whom we learned something about the relation between personality and the function of the front parts of the brain. |
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Definition
Some cells become neurons while others become glial cells
Cell fate is dictated both by genetics and environment
In the early brain, local environment (where a cell is created) plays the greatest role |
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| Region/location and cell fate |
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Definition
| Where you are from determines what you can become |
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Term
| Where does neurogenesis occur during development? |
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Definition
| Occurs early in development to determine what cells will be. |
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Term
| Granule cell neurogenesis |
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Definition
| Granule cells are generated throughout the life of the individual (not the case for most regions of the brain) |
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Term
| Cell Generation/Neurogenesis |
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Definition
1)Determines the maximal number of neurons in a given region of the brain
2) Occurs early in development for a specified period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines the ability of a cell to get from the site at which it was generated to its final destination. |
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Definition
From the SubVentricular Nucleus
With the use of glial scaffolds |
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Definition
A chemical signal or trail is what a cell uses to get from point A to B, and stabilizes the connections when the cell finally arrives at point B
The basis for our thinking on brain development |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cell attraction to a location. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial change |
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Definition
1) Thin lip
2) Flattening of nose or short nose
3) Flat midface
Short palpebral fissures
Ears abnormal
Low nasal bridge
Epicarnial folds
Micrognathia
Indistinct philtrum |
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Term
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Definition
Effects the entire brain since occurs a long duration of development
Chronic insults tend to
have global effects on the brain |
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Term
| Structural changes with lead |
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Definition
Most profound effects on the frontal
lobe, as opposed to FAS which affects the entire brain.
Effects on dividing cells (since occurs in children, only observed in late maturing regions of the brain) |
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Term
| Meth and structural changes |
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Definition
| Loss greatest in the limbic system and the hippocampus, but hits all places. |
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Term
| Physical changes from Shaken Baby Syndrome |
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Definition
1) Lethargic nerve - connects eye to brain - muscles around eye will tear - lethargic eyes
2) Pale or blue skin |
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Term
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Definition
Meninges - tearing - affects blood flow into brain
2) Tearing of the veins on the top of the brain
- This leads to hemorrhage, similar to what is observed in a stroke
Other foci of damage
include tearing the cranial nerves, shearing of the brainstem, and
damage to the optic nerve
The violent shaking in SBS results in TBI (traumatic brain injury) – percussive injury |
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Definition
| Focuses light and bends to accommodate near and far objects. |
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Definition
| No visual processing here. Opens and closes to allow more or less light in. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Light sensitive, contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. |
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Definition
| Region at center of retina, best vision |
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Definition
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Definition
Region of the retina where axons forming the optic nerve leave the eye and where blood vessels enter and leave
This region has no photoreceptors |
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Definition
| Point at which visual information switches over (every sense switches over except taste) |
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Term
| How is visual information processed? |
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Definition
The components of the eye are used to condense and focus this information onto the retina
2) From the retina, information is transmitted to the brain
3)Cells int he retina send info via their axons to the LGN or superior coll - then these send info back down axons to the visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
1) More numerous than cones
2) Sensitive to low levels of light (dim light)
3) Used mainly for night vision
4) Not specialized for color
5) information from a relatively large number of rods converge on a relatively small number of ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
1) Highly responsive to bright light
2) Specialized for color and high visual acuity
3) Mostly in the fovea (no rods in fovea)
4) Three types: green red and blue |
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Term
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Definition
he Optic Disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve (second cranial nerve) and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together
Also the entry point for the major blood vessels that supply the retina |
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Definition
| The actual cellular units used to respond to the wave information. |
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Term
| Fact about visual processing: |
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Definition
| Topographic Organization is maintained throughout the reception and processing of visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| What - temporal lobe - hippocampus - memories - where history is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where - parietal lobe - perceptive - somatosensory area |
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Term
| More steps of visual processing |
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Definition
1) Once information arrives in the primary visual cortex, it is sent out for more advanced processing
2) The What and Where visual streams are examples of the second level of processing
- Dominance columns are also found in this system
- Topography is always maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| Generic definer of injury to visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - lose a quarter of visual field. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of loss or impairment of visual acuity surrounded by a field of normal or relatively well-preserved vision. (Black dot) |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to ventral (what) stream. Can draw pictures from memory, but cannot recognize drawings or objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to the ventral (what) stream - Disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize faces is impaired, while the ability to recognize other objects may be relatively intact |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to ventral (what) stream. Congenital color vision disorder that results in the inability to perceive color AND to achieve satisfactory visual acuity at high light levels (typically exterior daylight) |
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Term
| Damage to ventral (what) stream |
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Definition
Detecting movement: cannot see movement of objects
But, can make proper movements toward object |
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Term
| Damage to the "where" stream |
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Definition
| Cannot guide movements on the basis of visual information. |
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Term
| Damage to the dorsal ("where") stream |
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Definition
| Cannot guide movements on the basis of visual information. |
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Term
| Ventral "what" visual components |
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Definition
| Color, form (shape), movement. Separate processes |
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Term
| Medial geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| Where sound is transformed |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| Where vision is transformed |
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Term
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Definition
| local changes in membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| The conversion of electrical energy/physical energy from a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential in a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
Somatosensation
Deals with physical interactions from the environment upon sensory receptors
Includes touch/pressure, vibration, stretch, pain and temperature
The physical interaction is transformed to a change in the membrane potential
Local generator potentials add to attain threshold (like PSPs) |
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Term
| Where do all sensory pathways terminate? |
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Definition
| All pathways terminate in the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where sensory information switches sides - if heat at left foot, then brainstem will channel info to right hemisphere. |
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Term
| Where the sensory homunculus is |
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Definition
| Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone acting as a neurotransmitter - basic synaptic transmission |
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Term
| Endocrine glands communication |
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Definition
| Don’t need to touch - hormone secreted from a gland, enters the blood stream, and gets to target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapse controlling release of something to the bloodstream - what you have in the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress --> Hypothalamus (CRF) --> Pituitary (ACTH) --> Adrenal (Cortisol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Testes or ovary - produce gametes |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperlasia (CAH)- |
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Definition
Females exposed to high levels of androgens before birth.
- Develop an intersex appearance. Phallus intermediate between penis and clitoris and skin folds that resemble both labia and scrotum. |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
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Definition
| XY males fail to produce functional androgen receptors. Develop a feminine phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testicular androgens enter the brain and are converted there into estrogens, and these estrogens are what masculinize the developing nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts testosterone into estradiol |
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Definition
| Brainstem nucleus involved in controlling physiological response to stress and panic.
-Volume is greater in females than males. |
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Term
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Definition
SCN- Larger in males than females. Similar in females and TFM males.
Exist for integrative processing centers of the brain such as the hippocampus and cerebral cortex
Male more sensitive to pain is not because we have more receptors, but because brain regions associated with pain are more sensitive.
- Males - not because more visual receptors, but more neurons on the visual cortex.
SDN-POA- Larger in males than females. Similar in males and TFM males. |
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Term
| Sex differences and the brain |
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Definition
| No sex differences in the basic reception units such as the retina and thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| F>M neuron density in temporal cortex (language area) |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates homeostasis and other glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Secrete glucocorticoids and testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
The developing nervous system is masculinized by androgens being converted to estrogens in the brain
Testosterone is converted to estrogen by aromatase
Alpha-fetoprotein binds to estrogens and keeps them from entering the brain how you develop females |
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Term
| Females rodents typically exhibit lordosis |
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Definition
| Females rodents typically exhibit lordosis |
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Term
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Definition
Larger Hippocampal Volume
Larger INAH-3
Larger Brain Volume
More neurons in SDN-POA
More neurons in SNB
Larger neuron density in visual cortex |
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Definition
Larger Locus Coeruleus
Larger neuron density in temporal lobe |
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Definition
Joy/Sadness
Affection/Disgust
Anger/Fear
Expectation/Surprise |
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Definition
| Stimulus--> perception --> emotional response --> physiological response |
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Definition
| Stimulus -> perception -> physiological response -> emotions |
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Definition
| Stimulus -> perception -> Physiological and Emotional Response |
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Definition
| Emotions are a result of an interaction between the physiological response and the cognitive interpretation of the response. |
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Definition
Amygdala -
Group of nuclei located in the forebrain, part of the “limbic” system
Important for emotional processing of stimuli, and appears to be crucial to the fear response
Removed in Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Contains several subdivisions |
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Definition
| Hippocampal damage - increased glutamate which can cause more calcium to enter the cell which can kill neurons |
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Definition
| Things you know (facts - thinks you can declare) |
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Term
| Non-Declarative/Implicit/Procedural |
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Definition
Things you know that you can show by doing
Skills, classical conditioning, priming, non-associative learning. |
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Definition
Removed part of the temporal lobe, amydgala, hippocampus, and cerebellum to relieve epilepsy
Impaired Explicit/Declarative memory with intact Implicit
Displayed anterograde amnesia and can’t form long-term memories but can form short-term memories |
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Definition
| Memory loss before injury |
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Definition
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Definition
| Retrograde amnesia and loss of neuron connections due to thiamine deficiency as a result of alcoholism |
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Definition
Involves medial temporal region with:
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Para-hippocampal cortices
mPFC |
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Term
| Flow of information in explicit memory circuit |
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Definition
| PHC -> Dentate Gyrus -> CA3 -> CA1 -> Fimbria/Fornix -> mPFC |
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Term
| Implicit memory structure |
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Definition
Input -> Neocortex -> Substantia Nigra/Basal Ganglia -> Ventral Lateral Thalamus -> Pre-motor cortex
Largely unconscious because the flow of information from the cortex to the Basal Ganglia in unidirectional |
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Term
| Humans have above average senses of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Amygdala is part of the limbic system and important for emotional processing like with the fear response and empathy . Also adds emotional and stress response to memories and sends it to other regions of the brain
Amygdala has 3 subdivisions; lateral, central, and baso-lateral |
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