1. The Standardized 
2. Unstandardized  
3. Semi-Standardized

• structured schedule of interview questions
• interviewer is required to ask subject to answer each question, exactly as worded (keeps stimulus to each response the same)
  
• Dont deviate from other questions
• No adjusting level of language
• No clarification or answering of questions about the interview
• Similar to a Pencil –Paper survey format

• Not Structures
• interviewer doesnt know the questions ahead of time
• Interviewer must adapt, develop, and generate follow-up probes
• interview can add or  delete questions 
• Interviewer must assume that each subject will not find the same meaning in words as another, the subjects may posses different vocabularies

• Can be either completely standardized or completely unstandardized
• involves a number of predetermined questions and special topics
• Interviewer can digress from predetermined questions and can follow-up with probe questions
• Use subject proper vocabulary
  
• wording is flexible and go out of order
• interviewier may answer questions to clarify 
  

common problems in questions formulation

1. Affectively worded question: use wording that will help you get an accurate full answer. dont evoke (How come instead of Why)
   
2. Double Barrelled question: asking a subject to respond to two  slightly separate issues with one question. (double-barelled question)
3. Complex Questions:  questions should be brief. when long questions are asked the person might not hear it all and answer with out full correctness 

Essential:Central focus of study

Extra:similar to essential but worded different mainly for validity

Throw Away:change focus in interview or establish relationship

Probing: helps draw complete story, Could you tell me more about this?

• Lacks non-verbal cues (face to face)

• best when asked specific questions (focus on study)
• interviewer must gain legitimacy
• this is cost effective
• it may be hard to get people to participate

Cati:open question and interviewer types respones

Capi: Face-to-face interviewer chooses questions from computer

Computer Assisted Self Administered Interviewing: no interviewer present

subject sits at a computer and answers questions .. leads to more honest responses but time concuming and might skip questions.

Syncronously: instant messenger

Asyncronously: this makes person interview more 

                     comfortable

• Small groups of unrelated individuals formed by an investigator and led in a group discussion on some certain topic.
• The use of group interactions are explicitly used as a part of data gathering

Generate research hypothesis

*Stimulates new ideas

*Diagnoses the potential for problems

*generating impressions on a topic

*Learning how respondants talk about the topic of interest.

*Interpreting previously obtained results.

   Advantages of Focus Group

ADVANTAGES-

A.      Highly flexible,

B.      Permits the gathering of a large amount of info from large # of people in a short period of time

C.      Important insight into a topic that may have not been understood previously

D.      Helps a researcher understand how a group reaches a deicison

E.       It can be used to gather info from transient population (drifters, homeless)

F.       Even ground for moderator and subjects

Does not require complex sampling stragies

Disadvantages of Focus Group

A.      The quality of data influenced by the skills of the facilitator to motivate and moderate.

B.      It is a different kind of analysis than might be carried out with surveys or interviews

C.      Attendance is voluntary/insufficient may attend a session

D.      The length of each focus group needs to be fairly brief

E.       Only a limited number of questions can be used

F.       Only group not individual opinions are gathered

G.     Dominant personalities may overpower and steer groups responses if the moderator is not active.

H.      The researcher must be careful in the way the information is generalized

Street Ethnography/Urban Ethnography

the study of drug use

Field Research

written accounts of observation

Ethnonursing/medical ethnography

     coined to describe ethnography conducted by nurses

• Should be done in the design phase
• access is negotiated through research and is built on relationships 
• acces could be gaineed through referal or introduction
• you can gain acces buy revealing interest but cant always reveal interest

Need to know people being studied

Get familiar with there routines and language

build relationship once entry is gained

People/groups that are in position to grant or deny access to a research setting. 

Can be formal or informal ( watchdogs)

one way to handle relationships is to locate guides/informants

• guide: is an native person among the group or    setting to be studied
• has to be convinced the study is worthwhile and research is safe

invisibility 

Disattending

invisibility

display of no symbolic detactchment

ethnographer eventually just fit into domain of study

Invisibility 

Display of symbolic attachment

Displaying attachment to domain

participating in day to day activities and working with inhabitants that being studied 

Invisibility 

personalizing the ethnographic informant relationship

The inhabitants suspend concern because they like the researcher as a person

invisibility 

Misrepresentation

masking real research interest

infomorming that the research is in another area so they act normal around researcher 

Intentional misidentification: (shutter island) not telling that you are conducting research just acting like subjects.

Accidental Misidentification: Guilty by association: (mistaken for a Gang member)

Learning more than you want to know: being present when crimes are being planned

issued by National Institute of Health 

protects the researcher from having to be witness at the court for anything pertaining there research.

1. Taking in the physical setting: mapping, note taking
2. developing relationships w/ inhabitants: passive role
3. Tracking, observing, eavesdropping & ask questions
4. Locating subgroups and central individuals(stars)

Field Notes

Accounts come from the field notes takem

1. VerbalExchange: interviews overheard conversation 
2. Practices: group says or does things routinely  
3. Connections: implied, inferred or interpreted connections, or observed actions

Field Notes

Type of notes

Cryptic jottings: Taken in field, brief statements or sketches, unusual terms and phrases to trigger memory.

Detailed Description:  Deeply detailed description containing as much color and sensation as your memory permitts.

Subjective Reflections: feelings the research may have about something being observed 

Erosion of memory: reseacher will try to keep good memory of smallest details

• Primary Sources:  Oral and written testimony of eye witnesses(diary, recordings,)
• Secondary Source: Oral and written testimony of people not present at the time
• Tertiary sources: Primary/secondary information that has been distilled and presented in some sort of collection (encyclopedia)

• Attempts to investigate an event or sets of related events
• in-depth qualitative studies of one or a few illustrative  events
• can be pointed or broad

provide insight to an issue or to refine a theoretical explanation making it more generalizable 

collective case studies

multiple case studies comparitive and contrasting studies 

several instrumental cases.

intended to allow better understanding and insight to the theorize about broader context

Care examination and interpretation

in effort to identify patterns, themes, biases, and meanings

Typically performed on documents, photos, videotapes, audiotapes

1. Words
2. Themes 
3. Characters
4. paragraphs
5. Items
6. Concepts
7. Semantics