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| _____ is used to examine all data descriptively. The researcher uses this analysis to become familiar with the nature of the data obtained on variables that will be used to test hypotheses, research questions, or objectives. |
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_____ are subjects or data points with extreme values (values that lie far from other plotted points on a graph) that seem unlike the rest of the sample. |
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| In studies, when significant differences are found, _____ _____ are performed after the initial stastical analysis to identify which groups are significantly different. |
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| Researchers use ____ ____ to confirm expectations regarding data that are expressed as hypotheses, questions, or objectives. |
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| ____ ____, which is deductive, is sed to explain the extent of a relationship, the probability that an event will occur in a given situation, or the probability that an event can be accurately predicted. |
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| Level of statistical significance |
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| The cutoff point, referred to as alpha, or the ___ ___ ___ ___, is the probability level at which the results of statistical analysis are judged to indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups. For most nursing studies it is 0.05. |
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| A conclusion or judgment based on evidence. |
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| The theoretical ____ ____ is an expression of statistical theory. It is a theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population; however, no real distribution exactly fits it. |
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| two-tailed test of significance |
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| The analysis of a nondirectional hypotheses is called a ___ ___ __ ____. |
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| one-tailed test of significance |
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| In a ___ ___ __ ____, the hypothesis is directional, and extreme statistical values that occur on a single tail of the curve are of interest. |
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___ _ ___ occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. |
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| ___ _ ___ occurs when the null hypothesis is regarded as true but it is false. |
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| ____ is he probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists. |
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| The risk of a Type 2 error can be determined using ___ ___ (four parameters of this analysis include: level of significance, sample size, power, and effect size). |
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The degree to which the phenomenon is present in the population, or the degree to which the null hypothesis is false. |
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| ___ _ ___ is important for calculating statistical procedures and interpreting the results using statistical tables. It inolves the freedom of a score value to vary given the other existing scores' values and the established sum of these scores. |
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| Statistics that allow the researcher to organize the data in ways that give meaning and facilitate insight; examples are frequency distributions and measures of central tendency and dispersion. |
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This is usually the first method used to organize the data for examination. There are two types: Ungrouped and Grouped |
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| Ungrouped frequency distribution |
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| Distribution in which a table is developed to display all numerical values obtained for a particular variable. |
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| Grouped frequency distributions |
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| Distributions used when continuous variables, such as age, are being examined. |
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Distribution that indicates the percentage of subjects in a sample whose scores fall into a specific group and the number of scores in that group. |
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| Measure of central tendency |
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| The most concise statement of the nature of the data; the three that are commonly used in statistical analyses are the mode, median, and mean. |
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The numerical nalue or score that occurs with greatest frequency; it does not necessarily indicate the center of the data set. |
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| Measures of individual differences of the members of the sample. Aka variability |
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| The simplest measure of dispersion. It is obtained by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score. |
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| Is calculated with a mathematical equation. The numerical value obtained from the calculation depends on the measurement scale used. |
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___ ___ is the square root of the variance. It provides a measure of the average deviation of a value from the mean in that particular sample. |
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| Numbers that make sense only within the gramework of measurements used within a specific study are transformed into numbers (___ ___) that have a more general meaning of the score. It allows an easy conceptual grasp of the meaning of the score. |
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| A common standardized score is called a ___. It expresses deviations from the mean (difference scores) in terms of standard deviation units. |
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| A ____ has two scales; horizontal and vertical. It can be used to illustrate the dispersion of values on a variable. |
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| On a scatterplot, each scale is referred to as an axis. The vertical scale is called the a)____; the horizontal scale is b)____. |
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| Test that determines whether two variables are independent or related; the test can be used with nominal or ordinal data. |
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| Pearson product-moment correlation |
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| A parametric test used to determine relationships among variables. |
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| Measures the extent of relations between two variables. |
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| ____ means that the analysis gives no indication of the direction of the relationship. |
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