Term
| How to calculate exhaled volume |
|
Definition
| Measured Volume = Bell movement x bell factor |
|
|
Term
| What are the only type of PVM spirometers that allow the measured air to pass completely through the device as the volume is measured and what is the most frequently used configuration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory inductive plethysmograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to make indirect measurement of ventilatory parameters. They allow operators to determine breathing volumes without a physical connection to the subject's airway |
|
|
Term
| How does an RIP determine breathing volumes |
|
Definition
| by evaluating the changes in thoracic and abdominal girth that the subject experiences during breathing |
|
|
Term
| With the RIP, how are changes in thoracic and abdominal girth measured |
|
Definition
| by a rib cage strap (RC) and an abdominal strap (AB). Attached to the strap is a unit for pruducing high-frequency alternating current through the wires |
|
|
Term
| What is used for storing and processing data in an RIP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the straps of a RIP consist of |
|
Definition
| teflon-insulated wires that are coiled like a telephone receiver cord. THey are enclosed in an elastic material. |
|
|
Term
| on an RIP, with regard to the thoracic straps, how are girth changes sensed |
|
Definition
| on the basis of changes in electrical (alternating) current flow through the coiled wires. The alternating current produces a magmetic field around the wires. The field, in turn, causes a resistance to the curren tflow through the wires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the basis of changes in electrical (alternating) current flow through the coiled wires. The alternating current produces a magmetic field around the wires. The field, in turn, causes a resistance to the curren tflow through the wires |
|
|
Term
| What changes the inductance of the circuit of a RIP |
|
Definition
| changes in the number of coils per length of wire |
|
|
Term
| in an RIP, where is the RC strap placed |
|
Definition
| around the subject's chest with its upper border just below the axilla. |
|
|
Term
| in an RIP, where is the AB strap placed |
|
Definition
| at the umbilical level with its upper border just below the rib cage. |
|
|
Term
| In order for the RIP to reflect volume changes accurately, what must take place |
|
Definition
| the instrument must be carefully calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions |
|
|
Term
| After calibration of the RIP instrument, what can be measured |
|
Definition
| tidal volume, inspriatory and expiratory time, and respiratory rate. also the percent contribution the subject's ribcage makes during ventilation and the phase relationships between thoracic and abdoninal movement sduring ventilation can also be recorded |
|
|
Term
| What can limit usefulness of the RIP device |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What typeof displays are there for pulmonary function devices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the characteristics of analog display on pulmonary function devices |
|
Definition
| !) they use a moving dial or scale to display changes in data input of a preset range of values 2) display changes can be in response to physical changes (i.e. pressure) or changes in DC electrical signal 3)limited primarily to numerical data 4) rarely used in modern devices |
|
|
Term
| examples of other things that use analog displays |
|
Definition
| car speedometer, radio tuner, compass or clock face, pressure manometer dial face, or Wright spirometer |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of digital display on pulmonary function devices |
|
Definition
| 1) provide direct visual representation in alphanumeric data 2) operates in response to a DC electrical current input, LED displays rely on physically prearranged diodes to present data 3) limited in what they can display 4) offers much more flexibility in data display 5) does not rely on prearranged visual structures 6) Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCD) may be used |
|
|
Term
| examples of common digital display |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| constant-volume, variable-pressure plethysmograph |
|
Definition
| has a pressure transducer connected to an opening in the cabinet wall - pressure- type plethysmograph |
|
|
Term
| How is subject pressure measured in a constant-volume, variable-pressure plethysmograph |
|
Definition
| a pressure transducer is connected to an opening in teh cabinet wall and directly measures pressure changes |
|
|
Term
| The pressure changes in a constant volume, variable pressure plethysmograph be interpreted as volume changes as described by which law |
|
Definition
| Boyle's law (P1V1 = P2 V2) |
|
|
Term
| How can pressure changes in the cabinet of a constant volume, variable pressure plethysmograph be equated with corresponding cabinet volume changes |
|
Definition
| with the original cabinet volume known (reduced by the amount of hte subject's volume)and initial pressure of 0 |
|
|
Term
| What must remain stable within the constant volume, variable pressure plethysmograph in order for accurate assessment of cabinet air volume changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do some constant volume, variable pressure plethysmograph systems have to allow for temp equilibrium |
|
Definition
| small leak built into the cabinet |
|
|
Term
| What provides an excellent frequency response to subject breathing maneuvers within a constant volume, variable pressure plethysmograph |
|
Definition
| systems that have a leak built into the cabinet. if panting type breathing maneuvers are used, the leak does not present a problem |
|
|
Term
| What is the most widely used type of plethysmograph, but is limited strictly to traditional plethysmographic-type determinations |
|
Definition
| constant volume, variable pressure plethysmograph |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the definition of ventilation and the associated formula |
|
Definition
| the result of tidal breathing over a period of time, generally one minute. Ve = liters of ventilation/one minute |
|
|
Term
| What are two expressions traditionally used to describe ventilation |
|
Definition
| exhaled minute ventilation and minute volume |
|
|
Term
| What are the two factors that determine how much ventilation occurs and what is the associated formula |
|
Definition
| frequency of breathing (f) and size of tidal volume (VT). Ve=F X VT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal breath |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV) |
|
Definition
| maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following and above a normal tidal inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
Definition
| the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of air that remains in the lung after a maximum expiration |
|
|
Term
| What are the different volumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different capacities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory capacity (IC) - |
|
Definition
| Vt + IRV - maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the normal resting end-expiratory level |
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
|
Definition
| ERV + RV - volume of air remaining in the lungs at the resting end-expiratory levle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IRV + VT + ERV or IC + ERV - maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following a max insp or inhaled following a max exp |
|
|
Term
| Total lung capacity (TLC) |
|
Definition
| IRV + VT + ERV + RV, or IC + FRC, VC + RV - volume of air contained in the lungs following maximum insp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal pattern of tidal volume breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tidal breathing at a rapid pace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tidal breathing with larger volumes than normal, may also indicate a faster rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tidal breathing with smaller volumes than normal, may indicate a slower rate of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventilation in excess of physiologic need; results in a relative hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficient for physiologic needs; results in a relative hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis |
|
|
Term
| how does the body plethysmogrpahy method have an advantge over the gas dilution method |
|
Definition
| thoracic volumes and pressure changes are measured directly and the total volume of all air contained within the thorax is measured, including air in communication with open airways as well as air trapped within noncommunicating thoracic compartments |
|
|
Term
| what are the three advantages the body plethysmography method has over gas dilution methods for FRC determination |
|
Definition
| 1) measurement is not affected by quality of lung ventilation 2) measurements are made more rapidly than in the gas dillution method 3) tests are readily repeatable |
|
|
Term
| What is SGaw and the calculation |
|
Definition
specific airway conductance, is compared with Raw and the forumula is SGaw =
1/Raw
________
VL |
|
|
Term
| How should a subject be coached to breath when performing an MVV |
|
Definition
| as rapidly and as deeply as possible |
|
|
Term
| What are typical breathing rates when performing an MVV |
|
Definition
| between 70 and 120 breaths per minute |
|
|
Term
| What should individual volumes be in relation to tidal volume and and vital capacity effort |
|
Definition
| greater than the subject's tidal volume but less than a vital capacity effort |
|
|
Term
| What can the MVV breathing pattern be compared with |
|
Definition
| such as one would experience when breathing while running hard |
|
|
Term
| During and MVV, when should volume measurement begin |
|
Definition
| not until the subject has achieved and is maintaining an maximum effort |
|
|
Term
| how body plethysmography use a modified version of boyle's law |
|
Definition
| measure changes in pressure and volume vs. absolute values. |
|
|
Term
| How long should the breathing maneuver of an MVV continue |
|
Definition
| at least 5 seconds, 10-15 is the norm |
|
|
Term
| What does success in measuring a representative MVV value depend upon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of coaching can help a pt prior to and during an MVV maneuver |
|
Definition
| since the MVV maneuver depends greatly on subject effort, coaching with a cadence of "in-out-in-out" may help the subject maintain a regular, steady rhythm |
|
|
Term
| How can it be possible to tell if a subject's MVV was maximal |
|
Definition
| an estimated MVV can be calculated with subject's measured FEV1 X 35 |
|
|
Term
| WHat criteria must be met for an MVV test to be considered acceptable |
|
Definition
| 1) a volume/time tracing demonstrates the subject's breathing pattern to be regular in volume or breathing rate 2) the end-expiratory baseline on a volume/time tracing remains fairly constant(unless baseline changes due to air trapping) 3) A value for MVV is measured for the subject that is at least as large as the volume determined by multiplying the subject's measured vlue for FEV1 by 35 |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the criteria for MVV test reproducibility for selecting MVV test data for reporting |
|
Definition
| reproducibility is achieved when the largest and second largest values meausured for MVV are within 10% of each other, the best test for MVV is the one that demonstrates the largest MVV value |
|
|
Term
| How many acceptable maneuvers should MVV be determined from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should MVV testing last |
|
Definition
| Until acceptable results are collected and until test reproducibility is demonstrated |
|
|
Term
| How many times will most subjects tolerate the MVV test |
|
Definition
| two or three times, often less |
|
|
Term
| What happens if bronchospasm occurs |
|
Definition
| some patients who have ashthma may experience this, results will be poorer and air trapping may be demonstrated in test tracing |
|
|
Term
| Which test is reported on teh MVV maneuver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the use of the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) |
|
Definition
| Assessment of neuromuscular disorders or injury of the expiratory muscles, assessment of impaired cough function with retained secretions, assessment of weaning from continuous mechanical ventilation |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the ATS recommendatons for FVC with regard to the spirometer |
|
Definition
| should be able to: meausure volumes accurately to at least within +/- 3% or 50ml, whichever is less; meausre volumes of at least 8 liters., accumulate volumes for at least 15 seconds (longer is recommended); measure volumes accurately at air flow rats between 0 and 14 l/sec |
|
|
Term
| What are the ATS recommendations for FVC with regard to monitoring |
|
Definition
| spirometer should be able to: measure volumes accurately to at least wihtin +/- 5% or 100 ml, whichever is greater; have a precision of at least +/- 3% or +/- 50 ml, whichever is greater; measure volumes up to at least 8 liters, accumulate volumes for at lest 15 seconds; measure volumes accurately at air flow rates between 0 and 14 l/sec (flow measurement must be linear within this range) |
|
|
Term
| When can an FVC test be considered acceptable |
|
Definition
| if there is (relating to the start of expiratory effort) no excessive subject hesitation or false start; if there is not a back-extrapolated volume exceeding 5% of the FVC volume or .15 liter, whichever is greater. if there is (related to the presence of artifacts during the maneuver) no cough during the first second, no valsalva maneuver pdformed, no variable effort , no volume loss due to leak in system, no obstruction of the spirometer mothpiece, no premature termination of forced expiratuion. relating to end expiratory effort, no expiratory test maneuver performed for less than six seconds unless a volume plateau is present on the volume/time curve display. |
|
|
Term
| How is the flow/volume loop plotted |
|
Definition
| wiht flow indicated on the vertical axis and volume on the horizontal axis |
|
|
Term
| What do most spirometer systems allow for both the plotting of to produce a complete flow/volume curve |
|
Definition
| both a maximum expiratory flow/volume (MEFV) curve and a maximum inspiratory flow/volume (MIFV) curve. |
|
|
Term
| What values on a flow/volume curve refer to the same data point on a flow/volume loop |
|
Definition
| FEF50% and Vmax 50; FEF25% and Vmax 75; FEF75% and Vmax 25 |
|
|
Term
| What FEF values may be used in relation to either volume/time curves or flow/volume loops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What values are generally given in relation only to flow/volume loops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is back extrapolation peformed |
|
Definition
| by drawing a line tangent to the steep, initial portion of the curve. The line should extend back to intersect with a line indicating the maximal inspiratory volume. The point at which these two lines intersect is the time-zero point. |
|
|
Term
| What is the extrapolated volume |
|
Definition
| the difference in volume between the maximum inspiratory volume and the volume at the level of the time-zero point |
|
|
Term
| What must the extrapolated volume come out to if the test is to be considered acceptable |
|
Definition
| not more than 5% of the FVC or .15 liter, whichever is greater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forced vital capacity - volume of an expiratory vital capacity maneuver exhaled as rapidly and forcefully as possible |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the patient performs FVC maneuvers with poor effort |
|
Definition
| the FVC values may cause serious overestimation of the FEVt% in situations where the patient performed the FVC maneuvers with poor effort |
|
|
Term
| which FEV t% determination during a slow FVC maneuver is used due to possible poor patient effort |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FVC interpretive significance |
|
Definition
| relates directly to changes in VC from volume spirometry. |
|
|
Term
| PEFR interpretive significance |
|
Definition
| FVC flow rate parameter that relates to flow rates and disorders in the large, upper airways and are very effort-dependent, also used ot monitor asthma and bronchodilator therapy |
|
|
Term
| FEV 0.5, FEV1, FEF 200 - 12-- |
|
Definition
| FVC flow rate parameter that relates to flow rates and disorders in teh large, upper airways; somewhat effort-dependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FVC flow rate parameter that relates to flow rates and disorders in smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles. some degree of effort dependence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FVC flow rate parameter that relates to flow rates and disorders in smaller bronchioles, little or no effort-dependence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relates to changes in both flow rates an dlung volumes. Generally opposite results are demonstrated between restrictive and obstructive disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FVC flow rate parameter that relates significantly to flow rates and disorders in the large upper airways |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in each disorder for FVC |
|
Definition
| decreased restrictive; normal or decreased in obstructive; decreased for combined |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in each disorder for FEVt |
|
Definition
| decreased restrictive; normal or decreased obstructive; decreased for combined |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in each disorder for FEVt% |
|
Definition
| normal or increased for restrictive; decreased for obstructive; decreased if combined |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in each disorder for FEV x% |
|
Definition
| normal or increased or decreased for restrictive; decreased for obstructive, decreased with combined |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in each disorder for FIF x% |
|
Definition
| normal with restrictive; normal or decreased with obstructive; normal or decreased with combined |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in each disorder for TLC |
|
Definition
| decreased with restrictive; normal or increased with obstructive; decreased with combined |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in each disorder for RV/TLC% |
|
Definition
| normal with restrictive; increased with obstructive; increased with combined |
|
|
Term
| common pulmonary restrictive disorders |
|
Definition
| interstitial fibrosis, vascular congestion, pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis |
|
|
Term
| common pulmonary restrictive disorders |
|
Definition
| interstitial fibrosis, vascular congestion, pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis |
|
|
Term
| common extrapulmonary thoracic restrictive disorders |
|
Definition
| kyphoscoliosis, theumatoid spondylitis |
|
|
Term
| common extrapulmonary abdominal restrictive disorders |
|
Definition
| ascites, peritonitis, severe obesity |
|
|
Term
| common extrapulmonary neuromuscular deficity restrictive disorders |
|
Definition
| poliomyelitis, myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| common fixed large airway obstructive disorders |
|
Definition
| tracheostenosis, large substernal goiter |
|
|
Term
| common variable intrathoracic large airway obstructive disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common variable extrathoracic large airway obstructive disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common fsmall airway obstructive disorders |
|
Definition
| bronchial asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| What does a fixed large airway obstruction cause with regard to flow rates |
|
Definition
| relatively equal decreases in both expiratory and inspiratory flow rates |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for VD/VT |
|
Definition
| FACO2 - FECO2/FACO2; FACO2 = fraction of CO2 contributed by effectively perfused alveoli, FECO2 = fraction of CO2 in mixed exhaled air that was collected from tidal breathing, |
|
|
Term
| Low Density Gas Spirometry - what does the standard He/O2 loops selected for comparison demonstrate with regard to FVC volumes |
|
Definition
| within 2.5% - 5% of being the same |
|
|
Term
| Low Density Gas Spirometry- where may the loops be superimposed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low Density Gas Spirometry- how may the reproducibility of test results be increased based on the loops |
|
Definition
| if they are matched at the lower portions of their expiratory limbs instead of at either RV or TLC |
|
|
Term
| Low Density Gas Spirometry-how are the flow/volume loops evaluated |
|
Definition
| two points of comparison- volume of isoflow (Visov) and the change in flow rate at 50% of vital capacity (changeVmax50) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume measured between the point where the two superimposed loops begin to match and the point where the loops share the same RV value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as a percent of the FVC volume. |
|
|
Term
| What is normal value for V isov |
|
Definition
| 10% - 20% of the FVC volume for subjects from young adulthood to middle age. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the V isov with increasing age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the V isov to increase |
|
Definition
| increasing age, development or worsening of small airway disorders. A larger portion of the FVC maneuver will have flow rates affected by flow limitations in the smaller airways. |
|
|
Term
| change vmax 50 is expressed how and how is it calculated |
|
Definition
| expressed a sa percent of the Vmax50 measured from the subject's standard FVC maneuver. changeVmax50=Vmax50 (He/O2) - Vmax50 (air)/Vmax50(air) X 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Normal change Vmax50 values for young adult to middle age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does change Vmax 50 become smaller |
|
Definition
| as small airway disorders develop or worsen and as a result, the two loops begin to show similar flow characteristics earlier in the maneuver |
|
|
Term
| Which law is body plethysmography based on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the body plethysmography test method have an advantage over the gas dilution techniques |
|
Definition
| because thoracic volume and pressure changes are measured directly, the total volume of all air contained within the thorax is measured. this includes both air in communication with open airways as well as air trapped within noncommunicating thoracic compartments. volumes taken from this method are thoracic gas volumes |
|
|
Term
| What three advantages does body plethsmography have over gas dilution for FRC determination |
|
Definition
| 1) Vtg measurement is not affected by quality of lung ventilation 2) Vtg measurements by plethysmography are made more rapidly 3) tests done by body plethsmography are readily repeatable |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of single-breath nitrogen elimination test |
|
Definition
| once 100% Oxygen is inhaled, the subject then exhales slowly back to rV level and volume exhaled and nitrogen are both monitored. phase I- initial 0.0% N2 cncentration measured during the emptying of Vdan. Phase II - rapid increase in % N2 that indicates the transition from Vdan to alveolar gas. Phase III % N2 plateau that results from the emptying of mixed gas from the alveoli during expiration. Phase IV - occurs toward the end of expiration in most subjects. it is relatively rapid increase in % N2 from the Phase III plateau that continues with exhalatio nto the RV level |
|
|
Term
| What substance in injected by IV during a perfusion scan |
|
Definition
| iodine 131, technetium 99, human albumin |
|
|
Term
| where do the carrier substance particles pass through during perfusion scan |
|
Definition
| processed into microspheres or particles that are large enough to be caught and held in th epulmonary capillary circulation. |
|
|
Term
| How can the pattern of pulmonary perfusion within the lungs be viewed during a pulmonary perfusion scan |
|
Definition
| when the carrier substance is injected into the venous circulation, it passes through th eright heart and entrs the pulmonary circulation. the carrier substance particles lodge in the capillary beds. |
|
|
Term
| what views are photographed during a perfusion scan |
|
Definition
| anterior, posterior and left and right lateral views. |
|
|
Term
| how much circulation is blocked with normal doses of the carrier substance during a perfusion scan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is perfusion scan useful for |
|
Definition
| detecting and locating the site(s) of obstruction within the pulmonary circulation as a result of embolision or tumor, the reduction or cessation of pulmonary circulatin that may result from an intrapulmonary disease process can also be detected |
|
|
Term
| When are perfusion scans contraindicated |
|
Definition
| subjects with severe pulmonary hypertension or anatomic right-to-left vascular shunts. the additional loss of pulmomary perfusion from the test procedure can create a functional disorder in pulmonary gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What life threatening result can occur from a perfusion scan with a right-to-left shunt |
|
Definition
| It can allow carrier particles to pass unchanged directly into systemic circulation where they can become lodged in vital organs |
|
|
Term
| Uniformity of ventilation with respect to the single-breath nitrogen wash-out test |
|
Definition
| the uniformity of ventilation in the lung can be evaluated based on meausurements made from the % N2 changes during Phase III of the tracing. The change (increase) in % N2 between the 750 ml point and 1250 ml point of the exhaled volume provides one measure. If there is too much unevenness in this region of the tracing, a best-fit line must be drawn along Phase III in order to evaluate the changes in % |
|
|
Term
| How do you convert DLCO to DLO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Among subjects of the same gender, what is the single greatest factor that affects pulmonary function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does height affect pulmonary function |
|
Definition
| taller subjects have, overall, greater pulmonary function values. This is especially true for lung volume and diffusing capcity values. The relative increases in expiratory flow rate values with greater height are not as significant |
|
|
Term
| with regard to pulmonary function, how are normal values more closely related in children |
|
Definition
| more closely related to height than to age |
|
|
Term
| Until what height is height the primary factor in pulmonary function with children |
|
Definition
| until 60 inches , then age also begins to become a factor |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of BSA with regard to pulmonary function |
|
Definition
| the weight of a subject is sometimes taken into consideration along with height. BSA is body surface area |
|
|
Term
| What happens to lung values as weight increases |
|
Definition
| there is an increase in lung volumes as weight increases, but only within the normal range and it is associated with increased muscularity. Obesity causes a decrease |
|
|
Term
| What effect does age have on normal predicted values for pulmonary function parameters |
|
Definition
| As age increases past 25, normal values decrease for lung volumes (except RV and FRC which increase), expiraory flow rates, diffusing capacity |
|
|
Term
| What is a complicating factor that occurs with aging and affects normal pulmonary function values |
|
Definition
| loss of height that normally occurs with aging |
|
|
Term
| How does gender affect normal pulmonary function values |
|
Definition
| male subjects tend to demonstrate greater lung volumes, expiratory flow rates, and difusing capacities than female subjects of the same height and age. |
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary characteristics that affect pulmonary function |
|
Definition
| race/ethnic origin; air pollution and other environmental factors; altitude - blacks and orientals have less than predicted values |
|
|
Term
| What conditions produce an increase in DLCO |
|
Definition
| Left-toright cardiovascular shunt abnormalities; indigeus ppls living in high altitude; exercise; left heart failure; supine body position; early polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| What conditions produce a decrease in DLCO |
|
Definition
| emphysema, pulmonary resection, asbestosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, histiocytosis, lymphangitic spread of carcinoma, hamman-rich disease, oxygen toxicity; radiation -induced fibrosis; sarcoidosis; scleroderma lung disease; systemic lupus erythematosus, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, anemia, pulmonary emboli, early collagen-vascular disorders, early miliary tuberculosis, early sarcoidosis |
|
|
Term
| How can you calculate before and after bronchodilator effects |
|
Definition
| change = post test value - pre-test value/pre-test value x 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is a linear equation |
|
Definition
| based on simple differences in gender, age, and height and offer relatively easy calculation of normal values |
|
|
Term
| With restrictive pattern, what is the predicted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in obstrutive pattersn, what happens |
|
Definition
| the predicted is higher than normal except for VC and its lower |
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Term
| What are the sources of predictive equations |
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Definition
| the individuals being tested, the test procedure, the test equipment |
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Term
| what is the abbreviation for static compliance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how is static compliance calculated |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the main points of test administration for exercise induced asthma |
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Definition
| subject perform exercise to a level likely to cause bronchoconstriction; subject must be monitored carefully by EEG and blood pressure, initial exercising at a low-intensity first, to evaluate cardiovascular/ventilatory response, if low-intensity is tolerated, high intensity is perfomed for 6-8 minutes at 85% predicted |
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Term
| How do you calculate maximum heart rate |
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Definition
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Term
| How long after an exercise stress test, are pulmonary mechanics tests performed |
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Definition
| one to two minutes after the exercise has ended |
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Term
| How many times should the chosen exercise stress test be performed |
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Definition
| twice, with intervals of five minutes after the initial pumonary mechanics test |
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Term
| What are the two possible outcomes to the repeat test (exercise stress test) |
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Definition
| 1) a decrease in test values is demonstrated. the max decrease will occur in the first 5-10 minutes after the exercise is ended. recovery and return of the values to baselines 20-40 minutes after exercise ended 2) no significant change is demonstrated in test values |
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Term
| exercise stress testing; the testing should be continued in five minute intervals until what |
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Definition
| 1) values the decreased after the exercise have returned to baseline OR 2) values have continued to remain unchanged from baseline for at least 30 minutes from cessation of exercise |
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Term
| if the stress test study must be repeated due to questionable results, how long between tests? |
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Definition
| two hours, catecholamine buildup |
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study - how much abstinence from medium duration sympathomimetic bronchdilators? |
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Definition
| eight hours abstince prior to administration (i.e. metaproterenol) |
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study - how much abstinence from methylxanthines and long-duration sympathomimentic bronchodilators |
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Definition
| twelve hours - terbutaline and salbutamol |
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study-prednisone and other corticosteroids, how much abstinence |
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Definition
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study how much abstinence from sustained-release methylxanthines |
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Definition
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study how much abstinence from cromolyn sodium |
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Definition
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study how much abstinence from antihistamines |
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Definition
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study how much abstinence from significant exercise and cold |
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Definition
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study abstinence from smoke, smoking |
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Definition
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Term
| administration of bronchoprovocation study how much abstinence from stimulants such as coffee tea chocolate |
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Definition
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Term
| What possible adjustments may required for a spirometer |
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Definition
| adjustment of the gain of the analog output signal ; establishment of a computer software correction factor, adjustment of the sensitivity of the recording system. |
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Term
| What are the components of plethysmography |
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Definition
| mouth pressure transducer, flow transducer, pressure transducer, determination of value for fcal (calibration factor) |
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Term
| spirometer quality control |
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Definition
| assessment of daily volume accuracy, assessment of flow accuracy, assessment of flow resistence, assessment of frequency response, assessment of recorder function |
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Term
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Definition
| volume displacement spirometers must have a leak test, prior to any volume accuracy check or calibration adjustment. done by placing a weight or applying a constance force against the spirometer when it's filled to 1/2 it's volume. must be accurate plus or minus 3% or 50 ml |
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Term
| What is isothermal lung analog used |
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Definition
| used for body plethsmography quality control |
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Term
| One point calibration for ABG |
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Definition
| simpler form of calibration ; very useful for instruments such as ABG's that have a greater tendency for sensor drift. performed more frequent than 2 point calibration |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustment of the gain of the analog signal from the measurement system. this is done as a simple electrical control adjustment so that the displayed spirometer volume is changed to reflect the test signal volume |
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Term
| Out of control conditions (ABGs) |
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Definition
| a two point calibration should be performed and then a quality control challenge should be repeated. if the follow up quality control challenge is in control no further action is needed; if it's out of control then troubleshooting and corrective procedures should be performed as outlined by the instructor |
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