Term
| Venous drainage of ovaries/testis |
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Definition
Left - Left gonadal vein --> left renal vein --> IVC
Right - Right gonadal vein-->IVC |
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Term
| Lymphatic drainage of ovaries/testes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
This ligament connects what? contains what?
Suspensory ligament of ovaries |
|
Definition
connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall
contains ovarian vessels |
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|
Term
This ligament connects what? contains what?
Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament |
|
Definition
connects cervix to side wall of pelvis
contains the uterine vessels |
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|
Term
This ligament connects what? contains what?
Round ligament of uterus |
|
Definition
Connects uterus to labia majora
NO structures contained
derivative of gubernaculum, travels through inguinal canal |
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|
Term
This ligament connects what? contains what?
Broad ligament |
|
Definition
connects uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries to pelvic side wall
contains ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligaments of uterus |
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|
Term
This ligament connects what? contains what?
ligament of the ovary |
|
Definition
ovary to uterus
contains nothing |
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|
Term
| What anatomically makes up the penis? |
|
Definition
Corpus cavernosum of the penis on top
corpus cavernosum of the urethra on bottom
urethra in the middle
glans penis made by corpus cavernosum of the urethra |
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|
Term
| Pathway of sperm ejaculation |
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Definition
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra
Penis |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the testes |
|
Definition
tunica vaginalis - bubble like
tunica albuginea surrounds seminiferous tubules which meet and form the Rete
pass into the epididymis and leave the testicle via the ductus deferens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Erection: parasympathetic, pelvic nerve
Emissions: sympathetic, hypogastric nerve
ejaculation: visceral and somatic nerves, pudendal n |
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|
Term
| Acrosome is derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flagellum of sperm is derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are mitochondria located in sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does sperm use for energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do sperm become motile? |
|
Definition
in the last phase of spermatogenesis called spermiogenesis
spermatid --> spermatozoa |
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|
Term
Maintain germ pool and produce primary spermatocytes
cell and location? |
|
Definition
spermatogonia (germ cells)
line seminiferous tubules |
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|
Term
Secrete inhibin
cell, location |
|
Definition
Sertoli cells
line seminiferous tubules |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreted by sertoli cells, inhibits FSH |
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|
Term
| Secrete androgen-binding protein |
|
Definition
Sertoli cells, line seminiferous tubules
maintains levels of Te |
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|
Term
| Form blood-testis barrier |
|
Definition
Sertoli cells, line seminiferous tubules
isolate gametes from autoimmune attack |
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|
Term
| Support and nourish developing spermatozoa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leydig cells
Located in testicular interstitium |
|
|
Term
| How long does full sperm development take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. spermatognoium (diploid, 2N, 46 single chr.)
2. primary spermatocyte (diploid, 4N, 46 sister)
Meiosis I
3. Two secondary spermatocytes (haploid, 2N, 23 sister chromatids each)
Meiosis II
4. Four spermatid (haploid, N, 23 single chr.)
5. Spermatozoan |
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|
Term
| Role of FSH in spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH
FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce
ABP
Inhibin (negative feedback)
Sperm production |
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|
Term
| Role of LH in spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH
LH stimulates Leydig cells to release Te into seminiferous tubules and blood vessels
Te is negative feedback on hypothalamus
Te contributes to sperm production |
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|
Term
| Where do androgens come from? |
|
Definition
Te, DHT - testis
androstenedione - adrenal
DHT>Te>androstenedione (potency) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts Te to DHT? What inhibits this? |
|
Definition
Enzyme = 5a reductase
inhibited by finasteride |
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|
Term
| Where does estrogen come from in males? |
|
Definition
| Te and androstenedione are converted to Estrogen in adipose tissue and sertoli cells by aromatase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
Increase muscle, growth spurt, penis/seminal vesicles
increase libido
spermatogenesis
closing of epiphyseal growth plate (via estrogen derived from Te)
increased RBC production
deepening of voice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate
balding
increase sebaceous gland activity
increase prostate growth |
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|
Term
| What causes differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What causes differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where does estrogen come from? |
|
Definition
Ovary (17B-estradiol)
placenta (estriol)
blood (aromatization) |
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|
Term
| Potency of estrogen forms? |
|
Definition
| Estradiol>estrone>estriol |
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|
Term
| How do estrogen levels change in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
50-fold increase in estradiol and estrone
1000 fold increase in estriol (indicator or fetal well being) |
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|
Term
| Hormone that causes endometrial proliferation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that causes growth of follicle |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Effect of estrogen on liver? |
|
Definition
| hepatic synthesis of transport proteins - increased synthesis of SHBG |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
estrogen
switch in negative feedback to positive |
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|
Term
| Effect of estrogen on cholesterol |
|
Definition
increases HDL
decreases LDL |
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|
Term
| What happens in the theca cell? |
|
Definition
LH stimulates desmolase which converts cholesterol to androstenedione
androstenedione diffuses from theca cell into granulosa cell |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the granulosa cell? |
|
Definition
androstenedione (from theca cell) is converted to estrogen by aromatase (which is stimulated by FSH)
estrogen leaves granulosa cell to body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| copus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex, testes |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery development |
|
Definition
| progesterone (comes from corpus luteum, placenta, adernal cortex, testes) |
|
|
Term
| Elevation of progesterone is indicative of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone responsible for maintenance of pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreases myometrial excitability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone responsible for production of thick cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm entry into uterus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Hormone responsible for increasing body temp |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Hormones which inhibits gonadotropins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Hormone that causes uterine smooth muscle relaxation (preventing contraction) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Phases of menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
GnRH small steady pulses
Proliferative/follicular - endometrium thickens, can vary in length
Secretory/luteal - constant 14 days, ovulation day +14 = menstruation |
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|
Term
| Hormone profile during follicular phase |
|
Definition
GnRH - small, steady pulses
Estrogen -surges day prior to ovulation, stimulates endo proliferation
LH - peak stimulated by estrogen, causes ovulation (rupture of follicle)
secretory phase follows |
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|
Term
| Hormone profile during secretory/luteal phase |
|
Definition
Follows proliferative/follicular phase, begins after ovulation
LH, FSH, and estrogen return to normal
Progesterone - rises, from corpus luteum, maintains endometrium to support implantation
(decreased progesterone leads to decreased fertility)
Menstruation occurs when corpus luteum degenerates |
|
|
Term
| When is follicular growth the fastest? |
|
Definition
| during 2nd week of proliferative phase |
|
|
Term
| Why is temperature increased during ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ferning of cervical mucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes mittelschmetz? |
|
Definition
| blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation, mimics appendicitis |
|
|
Term
| When is meiosis I completed during oogenesis? |
|
Definition
Primary oocytes begin meiosis I during fetal life
complete meiosis I just prior to ovulation
Meiosis I is arrested in prophase for years until Ovulation (primary oocytes) |
|
|
Term
| At what phase are primary oocytes arrested at prior to ovulation? |
|
Definition
| Meiosis I, prophase (diploid, 4N, 46 sister chromatids) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to oocyte following ovulation? |
|
Definition
Prior to ovulation - primary oocyte arrested at prophase of meiosis I
Ovulation occurs
Secondary oocyte - Meiosis I finishes (Haploid 2N, 23 sister chromatids) Arrested at metaphase of meiosis II until fertilization
Polar body - degenerates or gives rise to 2 polar bodies |
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|
Term
| What happens to oocyte if fertilization occurs? |
|
Definition
Prior to fertilization - secondary oocyte (haploid, 2N, 23 sister chromatids) arrested at Meiosis II metaphase
Fertilization - Meiosis II finishes, Ovum (Haploid, N, 23 single chromatids) and polar body |
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|
Term
| Chromosome content of Oogonium? 1 oocyte? 2 oocyte? Ovum? |
|
Definition
Oogonium - Diploid, 2N, 46 single chromosomes
1 oocyte - Diploid, 4N, 46 sister chromatids
2 oocyte - Haploid, 2N, 23 sister chromatids
Ovum - Haploid, N, 23 single chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| When is genetic material replicated in oogenesis? |
|
Definition
During fetal life, interphase
before primary oocytes are arrested in Meiosis I prophase |
|
|
Term
| Where and when does fertilization most often occur? |
|
Definition
upper end of fallopian tube
1 d post ovulation |
|
|
Term
| When does implantation occur? |
|
Definition
| 6 d post fertilization, implants into wall of uterus |
|
|
Term
| What is a pregnancy test detecting and how soon can it be used? |
|
Definition
Trophoblast secretes B-hCG
detectable in blood 1 week after conception
urine test 2 weeks postconception |
|
|
Term
| Why does lactation begin? maintained? |
|
Definition
decrease in maternal steroids
suckling required to maintain milk production because increased nerve stimulation increases oxytocin and prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
induces/maintains lactation
decreases reproductive function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps with milk letdown
involved in uterine contractions
stimulated by nerve stimulation of nipple |
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|
Term
| Why is progesterone high in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
hCG rescues corpus luteum leading to continued progesterone production
After 8 weeks, placenta makes progesterone
estrogen is produced by fetal adrenal gland and placenta |
|
|
Term
| Where does hCG come from? |
|
Definition
| syncytiotrophoblast of placenta |
|
|
Term
| When does the placenta synthesize its own estriol and progesterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathologic states with elevated hCG |
|
Definition
1. hydatidiform moles
2. choriocarcinoma
3. gestational trophoblastic tumors |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal changes of menopause |
|
Definition
1. decreased estrogen - age linked decline in number of ovarian follicles
2. Very increased FSH, mildly increased LH (no surge)
3. increased GnRH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hot flashes
Atrophy of
Vagina
Osteoperosis
CAD
HAVOC |
|
|
Term
| Average age of menopause onset |
|
Definition
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