Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testicular atrophy, eunuchoid body, tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common cause of hypogonadism seen in infertility workup |
|
Definition
Klinefelters
small firm testes |
|
|
Term
| Presence of inactivated X chromosome |
|
Definition
Barr body
Seen in Klinefelters (XXY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone levels in Klinefelter's syndrome |
|
Definition
High FSH (due to dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules which leads to decreased inhibin and increased FSH)
High estrogen/LH
(due to abnormal Leydig cell function which leads to low Te, high LH, high estrogen) |
|
|
Term
| Genetic problem in Klinefelters |
|
Definition
XXY
meiotic non disjunction |
|
|
Term
| Short female, webbing of neck, preductal coarctation of the aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of primary amenorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal findings in turner syndrome (cellular and organs) |
|
Definition
Cellular - no Barr body
Ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovaries)
preductal coaractation of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| Hormone levels in Turner's syndrome |
|
Definition
| decreased estrogen (streak ovaries) leads to increased LH and FSH |
|
|
Term
| Sex chromosome disorder associated with antisocial behavior |
|
Definition
Double Y male
seen in 1-2% of XYY males |
|
|
Term
| How common is Klinefelters? Turners? double Y? |
|
Definition
Klinefelters: 1/850
Turners: 1/3000
XYY: 1/1000 |
|
|
Term
| Presentation of double Y males |
|
Definition
| Phenotypcially normal, very tall, severe acne, antisocial behavior (1-2%), Normal fertility |
|
|
Term
Ovaries present, external genitalia virilized/ambiguous
Disorder? Cause? |
|
Definition
Female pseudohermaphrodite (XX)
e.g. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, exogenous androgens |
|
|
Term
Testes present, external genitalia female/ambiguous
Disorder? most common form? |
|
Definition
Male pseudohermaphrodite (XY)
Most common = androgen insensitivity syndrome (aka testicular feminization) |
|
|
Term
| Most common form of male pseudohermaphrodite |
|
Definition
Androgen insensitivity syndrome, aka Testicular feminization
testes present but external genitalia is female or ambiguous |
|
|
Term
Both ovary and testicular tissue present
Disorder? genitalia? |
|
Definition
True hermaphrodite
46, XX or 47, XXY
very rare |
|
|
Term
| Excessive exposure to androgens during early gestation leads to? |
|
Definition
Female pseudohermaphrodite (XX)
ovaries present, external genitalia virilized/ambibuous
e.g. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, exogenous androgens |
|
|
Term
| Defect in androgen receptor resulting in normal appearing female |
|
Definition
Androgen Insensitivity syndrome (most common form of male pseudohermaphrodite)
female external genitalia with rudimentary vagina
uterus/uterine tubes generally absent (MIF)
develops testes (often found in labia majora)
High levels of Te, E, and LH |
|
|
Term
| Physical exam and labs of androgen insensitivity syndrome patient? |
|
Definition
1. normal appearing female
2. female external genitalia with rudimentary vagina
3. uterus and uterine tube absent (MIF)
4. testes (often found in the labia majora)
5. High Te, E, and LH (Te converted to E in periphery) |
|
|
Term
| Unable to convert Te to DHT |
|
Definition
5a-reductase deficiency
ambiguous genitalia until puberty when increased Te causes masculinization (increased growth of external genitalia)
Te/E levels normal
LH is normal or increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are the testes of an androgen insensitive patient removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Placenta contains cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common precursor of choriocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| Hydatidiform mole (placenta contains cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium, trophoblast) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hydatididiform mole
placenta contains cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium (trophoblast) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydatididform mole (placenta contains cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| Abnormally enlarged uterus, increased B-hCG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible outcome of hydatidiform mole and treatment? |
|
Definition
Can lead to uterine rupture
Tx: dilation, curettage, methotrexate
monitor B-hCG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Karyotype: 46 XX (46XY)
Very high hCG
increased uterine size
2% convert to choriocarcinoma
No fetal parts present
formed by 2 sperm+ empty egg |
|
|
Term
| Formed by 2 sperm + empty egg |
|
Definition
Complete mole
(VERY high hCG, increased uterine size, no fetal parts, 46XX or 46XY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
69 XXY
moderately increased hCG, normal uterine size, rarely converts to choriocarcinoma, fetal parts present, formed from 2sperm+1 egg |
|
|
Term
| Formed from 1 egg + 2 sperm |
|
Definition
| partial mole (fetal parts present, moderately increased hCG) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of hydatidiform mole is more likely to convert to choriocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
Complete (2%) = 2 sperm+empty egg
rarely partial =2 sperm+1 egg |
|
|
Term
| Low progesterone levels can cause what? |
|
Definition
Recurrent miscarriage in 1st weeks
no response to B-hCG |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomal abnormalities can cause what? |
|
Definition
| recurrent miscarriages in 1st trimester (Robertsonian translocation) |
|
|
Term
| Bicornuate uterus is a common cause of what? |
|
Definition
| recurrent miscarriages in the 2nd trimester |
|
|
Term
| Common cause of recurrent miscarraige in 1st weeks? 1st Trimester? 2nd trimester? |
|
Definition
1st weeks - low progesterone (not responding to B-hCg
1st trimester - chromosomal abnormalities (robertsonian translocations)
2nd trimester - bicornuate uterus |
|
|
Term
| Hypertension, proteinuria, edema in pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypertension, proteinuria, edema, seizures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of wome are affected by pre/eclampsia? |
|
Definition
7% between 20 weeks gestation to 6 weeks postpartum
prior to 20 weeks think of molar pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for preeclampsia |
|
Definition
Hypertension, proteinuria, edema
preexisting hypertension, diabetes, chronic renal disease, autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
| Mortality caused by eclampsia is due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemolysis
Elevated LFTs
Low Platelets
associated with preeclampsia |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of preeclampsia? |
|
Definition
Placental ischemia (lack of trophoblastic invasion of spiral arteries in myometrium) causes elaboration of factors that lead to altered maternal endothelial cell function (increased vascular tone, vascular permeability, coagulopathy)
mortality due to cerebral hemorrhage and ARDS |
|
|
Term
| Pregnant woman with HA, blurred vision, abdominal pain, edema of face/extremities, altered menation, hyperreflexia? |
|
Definition
pregnancy induced hypertension (preeclampsia)
lab: thrombocytopenia, hyperuricemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delivery of fetus as soon as viable
bed rest, salt restriction, hypertension monitoring and treatment
IV magnesium sulfate and diazepam to prevent and treat seizures of eclampsia |
|
|
Term
| Premature detachement of placenta from implantation site |
|
Definition
Abruptio placentae
painful bleeding in 3rd trimester
fetal death
may be associated with DIC
increased risk with smoking, hypertension, cocaine use |
|
|
Term
| Painful bleeding in 3rd trimester |
|
Definition
| abruptio placentae (premature detachment of placenta from implantation site, resulting in fetal death) |
|
|
Term
| Association of abruptio placentae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased risk of abruptio placentae associated with what? |
|
Definition
| smoking, hypertension, cocaine use |
|
|
Term
| Defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach to myometrium |
|
Definition
placenta accreta
massive bleeding post delivery
prior C section of inflammation predisposes |
|
|
Term
| Massive bleeding after delivery |
|
Definition
Placenta accreta
defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach to myometrium
prior C section or inflammation predisposes |
|
|
Term
| Predisposing factors to placenta accreta |
|
Definition
(defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach to myometrium)
inflammation or prior C section |
|
|
Term
| Attachement of placenta to lower uterine segment |
|
Definition
Placenta previa
may occlude internal os
painless bleeding in any trimester |
|
|
Term
| Painless bleeding in any trimester |
|
Definition
Placenta previa
attachement of placenta to lower uterine segment
may occlude internal os
prior C section predisposes |
|
|
Term
| Predisposing factor to placenta previa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common site of ectopic pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased hCG and sudden lower abdominal pain? confirm with what? |
|
Definition
Suspect ectopic pregnancy
US
often clinically mistaken for appendicitis |
|
|
Term
| What predisposes to ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does an ectopic pregnancy present? |
|
Definition
| Increased hCG and sudden lower abdominal pain without bleeding |
|
|
Term
| Inability to swallow amniotic fluid |
|
Definition
| >1.5-2L of amniotic fluid, associated with esophageal duodenal atresia and anencephaly |
|
|
Term
| Inability to excrete urine in utero? |
|
Definition
Oligohydramnios
associated with bilateral renal agenesis or posterior urethral valves
can give rise to Potter's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Association of polyhydramnios |
|
Definition
esophageal/duodenal atresia
anencephaly
inability to swallow amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| Association of oligohydramnios |
|
Definition
bilateral renal agenesis
posterior urethral valves (males)
Potter's syndrome (broad nose, abnormal limbs, breathing problems) |
|
|
Term
| Disordered epithelial growth of the cervix |
|
Definition
dysplasia, carcinoma in situ
begins at basal layer of squamo-columnar junction, extends outward |
|
|
Term
| HPV associated with cervical carcinoma in situ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dysplastic squamous cell seen in HPV infection
(nuclear enlargement, irregular nuclear contour, hyperchromasia, perinuclear clearing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catches cervical dysplasia (koilocytes) before progressing to invasive carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| How can cervical cancer cause renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Lateral invasion can block ureters, causing RF |
|
|
Term
| Non-neoplastic endometrial glands/stroma in abnormal locations outside the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclic bleeding resulting in chocolate cysts |
|
Definition
Endometriosis
menstrual type bleeding from ectopic endometrial tissue
in ovary or on peritoneum
manifests as severe menstrual related pain
often results in infertility
can be due to retrograde menstrual flow |
|
|
Term
| Endometrium within the myometrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does endometriosis present? possible outcome? |
|
Definition
severe menstrual related pain
often results in infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal endometrial gland proliferation
usually caused by excess estrogen stimulation
postmenopausal bleeding
increased risk of endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia |
|
Definition
anovulatory cycles
hormone replacement therapy
PCOS
graulosa cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| Increased risk of what with endometrial hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common gynecological malignancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 60 year old with vaginal bleeding |
|
Definition
| endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma |
|
Definition
endometrial hyperplasia
prolonged use of estrogens without progestins
obesity, diabetes, hypertension, nulliparity, late menopause |
|
|
Term
| What predicts a poor prognosis in endometrial carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| increased myometrial invasion |
|
|
Term
| Most common of ALL tumors in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does leiomyoma present vs. leiomyosarcoma? |
|
Definition
leiomyoma - multiple tumors with well demarcated borders
Leiomyosarcoma - bulky, irregular shaped tumor with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Bengin smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors affect leiomyoma tumor size? |
|
Definition
estrogen sensitive
increases with pregnancy, decreases with menopause |
|
|
Term
| Who is affected by leiomyomas most commonly? |
|
Definition
increased incidence in blacks
20-40 y.o. |
|
|
Term
| Natural history of leiomyoma? |
|
Definition
asymptomatic or abnormal uterine bleeding
does not progress to leiomyosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| Tumor with whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural history of Leiomyosarcoma? |
|
Definition
typically arises de novo (not from leiomyoma)
highly aggressive
tendency to recur
may protrude from cervix and bleed |
|
|
Term
| Gynecological tumor incidence |
|
Definition
| endometrial>ovarian>cervical |
|
|
Term
| Gynecological tumor prognosis (worst --> best) |
|
Definition
| Ovarian>cervical>endometrial |
|
|
Term
| Patient presenting with signs of menopause after puberty but before age 40 |
|
Definition
Premature ovarian failure (atresia of ovarian follicles in women of reproductive age)
decreased estrogen, increased LH, FSH |
|
|
Term
| Amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsuitism |
|
Definition
PCOS
increased LH
insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
| Increased risk of what with PCOS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased LH --> anovulation
Deranged steroid synthesis -->Hyperandrogenism
insulin resistance
amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal profile in PCOS? |
|
Definition
increased LH
decreased FSH
increased Te |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weight loss, OCPs, gonadotropin analogs, clomiphene, surgery |
|
|
Term
| distention of unruptured graafian follicle |
|
Definition
Follicular cyst
associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum |
|
Definition
corpus luteum cyst
menstrual irregularity |
|
|
Term
Theca-lutein cyst
Due to? association? |
|
Definition
often bilateral/multiple
Gonadotropin stimulation
associated with choriocarcinoma and moles |
|
|
Term
| Blood-containing cyst from ovarian endometriosis |
|
Definition
chocolate cyst
varies with menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
Ovarian germ cell tumors: dysgerminoma
malignant? cells? tumor markers? |
|
Definition
malignant
equivalent to male seminoma
sheets of uniform cells
tumor marker: hCG |
|
|
Term
Ovarian germ cell tumors: choriocarcinoma
malignant? cells? tumor markers? |
|
Definition
rare but malignant
large hyperchromatic syncytiotrphoblastic cells
can develop during pregnancy in mom or baby, increased frequency of theca-lutein cysts
tumor marker: hCG |
|
|
Term
Ovarian germ cell tumors: yolk sac (endodermal sinus tumor)
malignant? cells? tumor markers? |
|
Definition
Malignancy of ovaries/testes and sacrococcygeal area, aggressive
marker: AFP |
|
|
Term
Ovarian germ cell tumors: mature teratoma
malignant? cells? tumor markers? |
|
Definition
aka dermoid cyst
most frequent benign ovarian tumor
contains cells from 2 or 3 germ layers |
|
|
Term
Ovarian germ cell tumors: immature teratoma
malignant? cells? tumor markers? |
|
Definition
aggressively malignant
contains cells from 2 or 3 germ layers |
|
|
Term
Ovarian germ cell tumors: struma ovarii
malignant? cells? tumor markers? |
|
Definition
type of teratoma
contains functional thyroid tissue
can present as hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
| 90% of ovarian germ cell tumors |
|
Definition
teratoma (contain cells from 2 or 3 germ layers)
includes mature (benign), immature (malignant), struma ovarii |
|
|
Term
| Most frequent benign ovarian tumor |
|
Definition
| Mature teratoma (dermoid cyst) |
|
|
Term
| Malignant ovarian germ cell tumor with sheets of uniform cells |
|
Definition
dysgerminoma (=to male seminoma)
hCG |
|
|
Term
| Malignant ovarian germ cell tumor with large hyperchromatic synctiotrophoblastic cells |
|
Definition
Choriocarcinoma (ovarian germ cell tumor)
hCG |
|
|
Term
| Aggressive malignancy in ovaries (testes in boys) and sacrococcygeal area of young kids |
|
Definition
Yolk Sac germ cell tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)
AFP |
|
|
Term
| What % of ovarian germ cell tumors are teratomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20% of ovarian tumors, benign
Name? characteristics? |
|
Definition
serous cystadenoma
frequently bilateral, lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium |
|
|
Term
| 50% of ovarian tumors, malignant |
|
Definition
serous cystadenocarcinoma
frequently bilateral |
|
|
Term
Ovarian non-germ cell tumor: multilocular cyst lined by mucus secreting epithelium
name? malignant? |
|
Definition
mucinous cystadenoma
benign |
|
|
Term
Ovarian non-germ cell tumor: has intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from ovarian or appendiceal tumor
tumor? material name? malignant? |
|
Definition
Mucionous cystadenocarcinoma
pseudomyxoma peritonei (intraperitoneal accumulation)
malignant |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian non-germ cell tumor: benign, looks like bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovarian non-germ cell tumor: bundles of spindle shaped fibroblasts, meigs syndrome |
|
Definition
Fibroma
meigs syndrome: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulling sensation in groin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovarian non-germ cell tumor which secretes estrogen, call-exner bodies |
|
Definition
Granulosa cell tumor
leads to precocious puberty, endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma
Call-exner bodies: small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian non-germ cell tumor that came from GI malignancy, mucin secreting signet cell adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic risk factors for Ovarian non-germ cell tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General ovarian cancer maker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions
seen in granulosa cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| Affects women who had exposure to DES in utero |
|
Definition
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina |
|
|
Term
| affects girls<4, spindle shaped tumor cells that are desmin+ |
|
Definition
| Sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma variant) |
|
|
Term
| Occurs secondary to cervical squamous cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges in the breast |
|
Definition
Fibroadenoma
<25 yo
not a carcinoma precursor |
|
|
Term
| Most common tumor in those <25 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breast tumor which increases in size and tenderness with estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is fibroadenoma a precursor to breast cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small breast tumor that grows in lactiferous ducts. Typically located beneath areola. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serous of bloody nipple discharge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is intraductal papilloma a risk factor for carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Slight (1.5-2X) increase in risk for carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Large bulky breast mass of connective tissue and cysts. Leaf like projections. |
|
Definition
Phyllodes tumor
60s
some may be malignant |
|
|
Term
| When is phyllodes tumor most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is phyllodes tumor a risk factor for carcinoma development? |
|
Definition
| some may become malignant |
|
|
Term
| Where do malignant breast tumors arise? |
|
Definition
| mammary duct epithelium or lobular glands |
|
|
Term
| What receptors are overexpressed in malignant breast tumors? Why is this important? |
|
Definition
estrogen/progesterone receptors or erb-B2 (HER2, an EGF receptor is common)
affects therapy and prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the single most important prognostic factor for malignant breast tumors? |
|
Definition
| axillary lymph node involvement |
|
|
Term
| Malignant breast tumor that fills ductal lumen but doesn't cross basement membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignant breast tumor that is an early malignancy without basement membrane penetration |
|
Definition
ductal carcinoma in situ
fills ductal lumen |
|
|
Term
| Malignant breast tumor that is a firm fibrous mass with small glandular, duct like cells |
|
Definition
invasive ductal
worst and most invasive (76% of BC) |
|
|
Term
| Worst and most invasive breast tumor |
|
Definition
| invasive ductal (76% of BC) |
|
|
Term
| Most common malignant breast tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignant breast tumor what forms and orderly row of cells, often multiple and bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignant breast tumor with a fleshy, cellular, lymphatic infiltrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prognosis of medullary breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignant breast tumor with dermal lymphatic invasion, Peau d'orange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Survival rate for inflammatory malignant breast tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eczematous patch on nipple suggest what? |
|
Definition
| Paget's disease = underlying carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Large cells in epidermis with clear halo |
|
Definition
| Paget's cells, seen in Pagets disease, suggest underlying breast or vulva carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of breast lumps from 25 to menopause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presents with premenstrual breast pain, multiple lesions, bilateral, size fluctuates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does fibrocystic breast disease indicate increased risk of carcinoma? |
|
Definition
NO
except in epithelial hyperplasia type which has increased carcinoma risk with atypical cells |
|
|
Term
| Hyperplasia of breast stroma |
|
Definition
| fibrosis type of fibrocystic disease |
|
|
Term
| Fluid filled, blue dome, breast mass |
|
Definition
| Cystic type of fibrocystic disease |
|
|
Term
| Increased acini and intralobular fibrosis |
|
Definition
| Slcerosisng adenosis fibrocystic disease |
|
|
Term
| Increase in number of epithelial cell layers in terminal duct lobule |
|
Definition
Epithelial hyperplasia type of fibrocystic disease
increased risk of carcinoma with atypical cells
occurs in women > 30 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breast abscess
during breast feeding, increased risk of bacterial infection through cracks in nipple (S. aureus) |
|
|
Term
| A benign painless breast lump as a result of injury to breast tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A benign painless breast lump as a result of injury to breast tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hyperestrogenism (cirrhosis, testicular tumor, puberty, old age)
2. Klinefelter's syndrome
3. Drugs (estrogen, marijuana, heroin, psychoactive drugs, spironolactone, digitalis, cimetidine, alcohol, ketoconazole)
some drugs create awesome knockers |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that cause gynecomastia |
|
Definition
spironolactone
digitalis
cimetidine
alcohol
ketoconazole
marijuana, heroin, psychoactive |
|
|
Term
| Male dysuria, frequency, urgency, low back pain |
|
Definition
prostatitis
acute: bacterial (e. coli)
chronic: bacterial or abacterial (most common) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyperplasia of the prostate gland (not hypertrophy)
common in men > 50 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age related increase in estradiol and sensitization of prostate to growth promoting effects of DHT |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the prostate enlarge in BPH? |
|
Definition
periurethral - lateral and middle lobes
compress urethra into vertical slit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distention/hypertrophy of bladder
hydronephrosis
UTIs |
|
|
Term
| Do you have an increase in PSA with BPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does prostatic adenocarcinoma arise? |
|
Definition
posterior lobe (peripheral zone) of prostate gland
in contrast to BPH which enlarges in lateral and middle lobes |
|
|
Term
| Useful tumor markers in prostate cancer |
|
Definition
Prostatic acid phosphatase and PSA
increased total PSA with decreased fraction of free PSA |
|
|
Term
| What causes lower back pain in setting of prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
osteoblastic mets
would also see increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and PSA |
|
|
Term
| Histology of prostatic adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| small infiltrating glands with prominent nucleoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
undescended testis
lack of spermatogenesis (increased body temp)
associated with increased risk of germ cell tumors
prematurity increases risk of crypto. |
|
|
Term
| Increases risk of cryptorchidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Association of cryptorchidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95% of all testicular tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common testicular tumor |
|
Definition
seminoma
malignant, painless, males 15-35, excellent prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Testicular tumor: Large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasm and fried egg appearance |
|
Definition
| Seminoma (most common, excellent prognosis, radiosensitive, males 15-35) |
|
|
Term
| Embryonal carcinoma: malignant? morphology? |
|
Definition
yes
painful, worse prognosis that seminoma
often glandular/papillary morphology
can differentiate into other tumors |
|
|
Term
| Schiller duval bodies, primitive glomeruli |
|
Definition
| yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor, testicular germ cell tumor) |
|
|
Term
| Testicular germ cell tumor that increases AFP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testicular germ cell tumor that increases hCG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature teratoma in males: malignant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % or all testicular tumors are nongerm cell? bengin or malignant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reinke crystals, androgen producing tumor |
|
Definition
Leydig cell tumor (benign)
gynecomastia in men
precocious puberty in boys |
|
|
Term
| Benign, androblastoma from sex cord stroma |
|
Definition
| Sertoli cell non-germ cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| Most common testicular cancer in older men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testicular mass that can be transilluminated |
|
Definition
tunica vaginalis lesion (lesion in serous covering of testis)
-varicocele, hydrocele, spermatocele |
|
|
Term
| Dilated vein in pampiniform plexus |
|
Definition
varicocele "bag of worms"
can cause infertility |
|
|
Term
| Increased fluid secondary to incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gray, solitary, crusty plaque usually on the shaft of the penis or the scrotum |
|
Definition
Bowens disease
50s, <10% progress to SCC |
|
|
Term
| red velvety plaques on glans |
|
Definition
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
50s, <10% progress to SCC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple papular lesions on penis |
|
Definition
Carcinoma in situ: Bowenoid papulosis
affects younger age group
noninvasive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uncircumciseed
more common in Asia, Africa, SA
commonly associated with HPV |
|
|
Term
| Bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue formation |
|
Definition
|
|
