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| Primary sex organs in males. Produce sperm cells and male sex hormone, testosterone. |
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| Where spermatogenesis occurs. Sperm produced in spermatogenesis |
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| Process by which male primary germ cells undergo division, and produce a number of cells termed spermatogonia, from which the primary spermatocytes are derived. Each primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes, and each secondary spermatocyte into two spermatids or young spermatozoa. These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells. |
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| Interstitial Tissue or Leydig Cells |
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| Pathway thought male reproductive system |
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| Testes, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra |
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| Right on testes. Stores sperm where they become mobile. |
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| is part of the male anatomy of many vertebrates; they transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation. |
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| Glandular Structure, feeds into ejaculatory duct. |
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| Wrapped around ejaculatory duct, adds seminal fluid to ejaculatory duct. |
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| Add to seminal fluid. Add secretion to urethra. Seminal fluid allows sperm to swim and neutralizes acidic female tract. Gives sperm nourishment as well. |
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| Increased production of gonadotrophic hormones: FSH and LH |
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| Controlled release by the hypothalamus. They release hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland. |
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| Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Affects the maturing of seminiferous tubules. |
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| Luteinizing Hormone. Affects the production of testosterone. |
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| If concentration is too high of either LH or FSH the production of LH and FSH will be turned off. If it gets too low LH or FSH will turn on again. |
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| Primary sex organ in females. Produce ova and female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone. |
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| Pathway through female reproductive system |
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| Ovary, oviducts, uterus, vagina |
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| Formation of ova or egg cells |
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| Oogonia, primary oocytes, secondary oocytes |
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| sperm cells enter secondary oocyte during fertilization. Endometrium becomes thicker in case of implantation. |
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| Occurs in humans and apes. |
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| Day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle. Menstruation occurs during this phase. |
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| Days 6-14. Ovulation occurs on day 14. Follicle is growing. Primary follicle, secondary follicle, to immature follicle. Ovulation will occur at day 14 when the follicle is released. |
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| Days 15-28. Follows ovulation. Left over follicle cells in the ovary form luteal stages. The corpus luteal releases progesterone. |
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| Progesterone will turn off LH. Corpus luteal stays but HTC will take over LH job all the way through pregnancy. The lining of the endometrium will stay |
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| If pregnancy does not occur |
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| High levels of progesterone will feed back and turn of LH. LH stops and corpus luteal breaks down. Progesterone stops being produced. |
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| Made of estrogen/progesterone. Keeps FSH turned off. |
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| FSH and LH. Causes development of follicle. |
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| Oxytocin and prostaglandins |
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| Comes from posterior pituitary. Involved in childbirth. |
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| Helps with the release of milk |
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| Embryonic stage that implants in uterine wall |
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| Cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. |
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| Wrote systema Naturae in 1735 in which he proposed a classification for plants and animals that is still used today. (class, order, family, genus). Proposed system of binomial nomerclature in which each species is assigned a double name: genus and species. Ex Homo sapiens |
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| Founded the Jardin de Roi. One of the first biological research centers. Wrote 44 volumes of natural history, summarizing all that was known at that time, about the natural world. |
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| Proposed a concept of evolution -- so he realized that species change. Believed that the environment played a role in this. Concept of Acquired Characteristics in which traits could be acquired through the use or disuse of an organ. A body part that is extensively used will be further developed. If not used, it will degenerate. Ex. Long neck of a giraffe. |
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| Founed science of Paleontology- study of fossils. Believe that fossils are the remains of previously living organisms that had been destroyed in some great catastrophies of the past, such as, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc. Known as concept of Catastrophism. |
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| Concept of Uniformitarianism. Founder of modern Geology. Saw the earth as changing in the past, changing in the present, and changing in the future; changing over a vast expanse of time. |
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| Wrote Principles of Geology, the first classic work in geology. Influences Charles Darwin. |
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| Functional unit of the nervous system |
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| Occurs in birds, reptiles, and mammals. |
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| Darwin's Theory of Evolution By Natural Selection |
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A. There is overproduction in a population; that is, more individuals are born than can survive and reproduce.
B. Variation exists among the members of a particular species, As an example look at your fellow human beings.
C. Individuals having certain characteristics are better able to survive and reproduce than others in the population. More fit individuals produce more young.
D. Some of these characteristics that caused differential reproduction must be passed on to the next generation. That is they must be heritable.
E. Slow, gradual change requires tremendous periods of time. |
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| Lamarck's Theory of Evolution |
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| Acquired characteristics- If you use a certain characteristic it will be exclusively developed. |
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| Darwin's Voyage of Beagle |
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| 5 year voyage to major continents and islands during which he developed many of his ideas regarding evolution. |
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| Beaks of finches differ and cater to different food sources. They beak adaptations that were favorable were seen more in other generations. One ancestor contributed to many different species. |
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| The study of the distribution of species (biology) spatially (geography) and temporally (history). Biogeography aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance, and why they are (or are not) found in a certain geographical area. |
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| Fossils have been found of many species of animals that do not exist today. |
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| Forms the basis of organization for comparative biology. In 1843, Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function". Organs as different as a bat's wing, a seal's flipper, a cat's paw and a human hand have a common underlying structure of bones and muscles. Owen reasoned that there must be a common structural plan for all vertebrates, as well as for each class of vertebrates. |
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| An analogy is a trait or an organ that appears similar in two unrelated organisms. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is Homoplasy, from Greek for same form. Biological anologies are often the result of convergent evolution. |
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Describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.
The wing is a classic example of convergent evolution in action. Although their last common ancestor did not have wings, both birds and bats do, and are capable of powered flight. The wings are similar in construction, due to the physical constraints imposed upon wing shape. Similarity can also be explained by shared ancestry. Wings were modified from limbs, as evidenced by their bone structure. |
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| Similarities of vertebrate embryos |
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| Molecular evolution DNA, Protein synthesis, ATP, metabolic pathways. |
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| By humans, changes in domesticated plants and animals. |
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