Term
| what is the purpose of reproduction? |
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Definition
| continuation of the species, genetic variability, expression of dominant/beneficial traits, and suppression of harmful/recessive traits |
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Term
| what are the advantages to sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| greater genetic variability, repression of recessive traits, better adaptability and co-expression of traits |
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Term
| what is dyspareunia? what can it be due to? |
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Definition
| pain w/intercourse, which can be due to lack of lubrication, endocrine problems, lack of appropriate stimulation, etc |
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Term
| can ibuprofen affect the closing of the patent ductus arteriosus in an fetus/infant? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are physiologic factors which can affect spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
| blood flow to the testis, temperature of the testis, teratogenic medications, and the male sexual act |
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Term
| what are possible things which could go wrong with individual sperm? |
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Definition
| defective genetic material, energy production, tail function (kartagener’s), or low total number of sperm |
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Term
| what are germ cells? what other cells help them? |
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Definition
| cells destined to become gametes. they first divided mitotically, then meiotically. sustentacular cells such as sertoli and leydig cells support this process. |
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Term
| what three things need to be considered which may be affected by male sex hormones? |
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Definition
| accessory sexual organs, cellular metabolism, and growth |
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Term
| what is one purpose of hair and rugae on the male scrotum? |
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Definition
| to increase surface area for secretions and thus increase the intensity of smell |
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Term
| what muscle changes how far the testes descend? why is this necessary? |
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Definition
| the cremaster, which is necessary b/c spermatogenesis occurs at 1 degree temp lower than the rest of the body |
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Term
| how can mumps lead to infertility? |
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Definition
| inflammation in the testis can cause swelling in the seminiferous tubules (orchitis) which ultimately may destroy the germ cells/gametes |
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Term
| what could pain in a testis represent? |
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Definition
| torision, orchitis, or inflammatory process |
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Term
| what is the purpose of smooth muscle in the vas deferens? |
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Definition
| to move sperm out of the testis |
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Term
| if the prostate becomes sclerotic/hard, how can this affect function? |
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Definition
| flow of urine/ejaculate will be impeded |
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Term
| what is infection of the glans? |
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Definition
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Term
| what can lack of circumcision increase risk of? |
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Definition
| paraphimosis, fungal infection in DM pt, any kind of infection in immunocompromised |
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Term
| what does the acrosome of a sperm cell contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is found in the body of a sperm cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| how can mucolytics decrease the function of birth control? |
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Definition
| anti-tussives may decrease the efficacy of mucus increasing birth control |
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Term
| how could a blow to the nose create an endocrine problem? |
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Definition
| FSH is created by the pituitary at the base of the brain behind the sphenoid bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| FSH is responsible for sertoli cell stimulation in males and follicle enlargement in females. |
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Term
| **what does LH (luteinizing hormone) do?** |
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Definition
| stimulates leydig cells for testosterone secretion in males and helps regulate body temp/tissue formation in females |
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Term
| what hormone may be deficient in pts not reaching adequate developmental milestones? |
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Definition
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Term
| **what is testosterone necessary for in females?** |
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Definition
| testosterone is essential for division of testicular germinal cells - which are secreted by the leydig cells |
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Term
| **where is estrogen produced in females?** |
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Definition
| the sertoli cells (estrogen is formed from testosterone) |
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Term
| when are testosterone levels peaked in males? |
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Definition
| between late teens and early 30s |
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Term
| how many sperm are produced daily in a normal male? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what speed do sperm move at? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how long do sperm live in the vas deferens? in the female genital tract? |
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Definition
| vas deferens: ~1 month. female genital tract: 1-2 days |
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Term
| **what do the seminal vesicles add to semen?** |
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Definition
| fructose, citric acid (fuel), prostaglandins , fibrinogen |
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Term
| **what does the prostate gland add to semen?** |
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Definition
| Ca++ (important for flagellar motility), citrate, clotting enzymes, fibrinolysin (break into ovum), and alkaline secretions (acid phosphatase - important b/c female genital tract has a lower pH) |
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Term
| where does the prostate gland sit? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| increased tension - harder to pee/ejaculate. pts complain of back pain and fatigue (lack of sleep b/c getting up to pee). |
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Term
| what percentages of contribution do the various male sex glands make up in semen? |
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Definition
| seminal vesicle: 60%, prostate: 30%, vas deferens: 10% |
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Term
| can a male have a normal sperm count and still be infertile? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the necessary balance of temperature for the testicles? |
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Definition
| not too hot, but not too cold - b/c cremaster reflex can be stimulated |
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Term
| what is the acrosomal reaction? |
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Definition
| sperm gets into the fallopian tube, penetrates the zona pellucida (hydrolytic reaction) and *halt penetration of other sperm (changes electromagnetic field). |
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Term
| what are the main male fertility factors? |
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Definition
| intact anatomy, sperm #, sperm motility, and testicular swelling |
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Term
| what factors are important for a successful male sexual act? |
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Definition
| psychological (stress, disease, sleep problems, medication), stimulation of the glans (produces feedback from the spinal cord to the limbic system to enhance blood flow to the corpus cavernosom and spongiosum - need good nerve/blood flow), secretion/lubrication (reduce friction, can be issue in menopausal women), penile erection (parasympathetic, need good blood/nerve flow), and emission/ejaculation (symapathetic, can be affected by medication) |
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Term
| what are the male sex hormones (androgens)? |
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Definition
| testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione |
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Term
| what are the male sex hormones (androgens)? |
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Definition
| testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione |
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Term
| what do the leydig cells do? |
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Definition
| maintain the appropriate level of testosterone for spermatogenesis (w/o these: germinal cells do not appropriately multiply, appropriate meiosis and mitosis will not occur and spermatids will not form) |
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Term
| what is important to check in newborn males? |
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Definition
| testicular descent (requires testosterone) |
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Term
| what are the effects of testosterone? |
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Definition
| testicular descent, hair distribution, baldness (thought to be related to incremental testosterone buildup - inhibits protein synthesis), voice (vocal cords thicken), acne (clogged pores+bacteria), scrotal changes (abdominal pain can be referred if problems w/this), bone/muscular growth ("protect the family"), basal metabolism (revs up for growth), increased RBC mass (increased O2 delivery for growing tissues - however possible risk of polycythemia, heart has to work harder), and increased Na+/H2O retention (need more extracellular fluid to accommodate increased growth - can cause increased body weight and increase irritability w/nerve pressure) |
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Term
| what is increased by sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens during spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
| a big germ cell goes from a diploid to haploid and produces spermatids that have an acrosome, body, band of mitochondria and flagellum |
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