Term
| what are the 2 major phases which female reproduction can be divided into? |
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Definition
| preparation for conception and pregnancy |
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Term
| where does conception take place? |
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Definition
| somewhere in the fallopian tube |
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Term
| what does the acrosomal rxn prevent? |
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Definition
| other sperm from penetrating the fertilized egg |
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Term
| how long is the avg menstrual cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what might happen if an STI causes scarring in the fallopian tubes? |
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Definition
| ectopic pregnancy can occur if a fertilized egg can't get all the way down to the uterus and is stuck in the fallopian tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
| when menstrual flow is retrograde through the fallopian tubes and causes pain in the peritoneum |
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Term
| is ovarian torsion possible? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is a woman most pregnant? |
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Definition
| when the egg is traveling through the fallopian tube |
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Term
| how do levels of FSH/LH change over the menstrual cycle? (*know this for exam*) |
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Definition
| at the start of the cycle (menstruation), FSH is higher, until about 2 weeks (right before ovulation) when LH becomes higher (to prepare the corpus luteum for the egg), then after ovulation, LH levels drop, and FSH levels are once again higher. |
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Term
| how do levels of estradiol/progesterone change over the menstrual cycle? |
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Definition
| at the start of the cycle (menstruation), estradiol levels are higher and continue to rise until ovulation (2 weeks in), after which estradiol levels drop and progesterone rises higher until menstruation, when estradiol is once again higher. |
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Term
| how do womens' body temperatures change depending on where they are in the menstrual cycle? |
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Definition
| temperature rises .2-3 degrees after ovulation, then drops back down to ~98 degrees before menstruation |
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Term
| what is the postulated ovulatory mechanism? |
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Definition
| hyperemia of the ovaries to facilitate follicular rupture (which may cause some pain) |
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Term
| what are the phases of endometrial growth? |
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Definition
| proliferative (11 days - increase cells and in water wt), secretory (12 days - hormones which increase angiogenesis), and menstrual (5 days - sclerosis/contraction of endometrial tissues = ischemia/cramping and ejection) |
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Term
| can hypothyroid affect the menstrual cycle? |
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Definition
| yes b/c this involves the metabolism (same effect w/low body fat athletes) |
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Term
| what might cause excessive bleeding w/menstruation? |
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Definition
| uterine cysts - can cause problems w/implantation as well |
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Term
| when does puberty/menarche start? |
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Definition
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Term
| when does menopause start? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many follicles are women born w/? |
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Definition
| 400-500 follicles at birth, which need to divide 2x more |
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Term
| how long are ovum viable for? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens during puberty? |
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Definition
| secondary sex characteristics appear due to estrogen: maturation of genitalia, mons pubis, escutcheon, labia, and change in epithelium from cuboidal to stratified squamous, the skin becomes more tender, breasts develop, axillary hair appears, hips and legs become wider, metabolism increases (to support new processes), salt/water retention occurs, fallopian tubes mature, ovaries go through follicular maturation, and sex drive increases. |
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Term
| what are coital changes in the female reproductive system? |
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Definition
| lubrication, clitoral/breast enlargement, vaginal tenting, uterine contractions, perineal contractions, pubo-coccygeal contractions, and resolution (blood pressure med can affect this). |
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Term
| what are contraception methods available for females? |
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Definition
| the pill, barrier methods, tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and IUD (irritates uterine lining - prevents implantation) |
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Term
| how does methotrexate inhibit pregnancy? |
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Definition
| by inhibiting cell proliferation (anti-folate) |
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