example : Bacteria, unicellular organisms without a true nucleus (no nuclear membrane)

reproduce asexually through binary fission

example: Amoeba, unicellular organisms whos DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

reproduce asexually through mitosis

a process cells go through to create two identical daughter cells

Has 5 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

example: Moulds, bodies composed of many thin filaments called hyphae which grow over the surface of and into the bodies of other organisms to obtain food.

reproduce asexually though fragmentation, budding, spores.

a reproductive cell that can grow into a new individual through mitosis; can remain dormant for a long time. Spores are stored in a case called sporangium.

occurs in moulds.

meristem - part of a plant's roots and stems made up of unspecialised cells that undergo cell division repeatedly. Eventually specialise into cells that form roots, stems, and leaves. Once plant is mature, these cells no longer reproduce under normal conditions. Repairs itself if it is damaged or cut.

reproduce asexually through cloning, layering, from roots, graphting.

meristematic cells in the stem divide to produce a new plant...often when a piece of stem is covered in soil. Stem will begin to produce its own roots.

occurs in runners such as pumpkins and strawberries

when a plant is pulled up and some roots are left behind, a new plant can form when the meristem cells reproduce and form a new stem and leaves,

occurs often with dandelions

specialisd cells for sexual reproduction

have a haploid number of chromosomes (half of the diploid)

example: eggs and sperm

formed in the reproductive organs (gonads - testes for males, ovaries for females)

the formation for eggs and sperms is similar, but with a different end result. For eggs, one cell becomes one egg cell with a haploid number of chromosomes (egg needs nutrients for zygote) For sperm, one cell becomes 4 sperm cells with a haploid number of chromosomes (they are smaller)

when gametes from two parents combine to form a new cell (zygote)

Two requirements for sexual reproduction:

1. Male and female gametes must meet at the same place at the same time (and be of the same species)

2. Zygote must have adequate food, moisture, warmth, and protection.

occurs in all organisms that reproduce sexually. Cells are produced from diploid to haploid.

Steps: interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, interphase, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, interphase.

Purpose is different. Mitosis create two identical daughter cells. Meiosis creates 4 haploid cells, each with a different combination of chromosomes

Different phases. Meiosis has more.

In metaphase for mitosis, sister chromatids line up (no tetrads). For meiosis, tetrads line up in metaphase I.

The end result of mitosis is 2n and the end result of meiosis is n.

There is no variation in mitoisis, but there is in meiosis.

sperms travels from the male body into the female body to meet the egg

common in most land animals

specialized male structure required

sperm and egg meet outside the bodies of parents

common in water-dwelling animals (fish and frogs)

have both male and female reproductive organs

internal fertilization

increases chance of sexual reproduction (better chance of finding a mate)

example: earthworms, snails. common in slow animals

hatch into miniature versions of adult parent

example: reptiles and birds

3 stages - egg, nymph, adult

example: frogs

insects will do either this or complete metamorphosis

4 stages - egg, nymph, pupa, adult

example: butterflies

seen in marsupials

each seed contains an embryo, food supply (cotyledon), and seed coat (protection)

seed-bearing plants are angiosperms and gymnosperms

flowering plants

seeds form inside flowers and are enclosed in a pod or shell

flowers contain the plant's reproductive organs: pistill and stamen

Male reproductive organ in plants. Consists of filament and anther. There are multiple stamen.

no flowers

produce seeds in conifers (cones)

most conifers produce males and female cones. Seed contains embryo, food supply, and coat to protect it from drying out. Same as angiosperms, except it is NOT contained in fruit.

Variations are very important. Things like resistance to infectious disease are very important.

Bacteria are able to reproduce sexually, therefore they can become extremely dangerous superbugs.

Because of variation, some individuals will survive to produce a new generation.