Term
| which three hormones are the same in both men and women? |
|
Definition
| estradiol, progesterone and testosterone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transport ova from the ovary to the uterus and sperm from uterus toward the ovary. |
|
|
Term
| the 6 effects of estradiol during the follicular phase |
|
Definition
1. maintenance and development if the secondary sex organs
2. maintenance and development of the secondary sex characteristics
3. travels to the follicles to help stimulate oogenesis
4. inhibits the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary
5. stimulates proliferative phase of the endometrium
6. causes the cervical mucus to become copius, watery and hospitable to sperm |
|
|
Term
| how many steps are required to make estrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F graafian follicles can produce estrogen without theca interna |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are theca interna related to leydig cells? |
|
Definition
>there are homologous
>stimulated by LH and produce androgens |
|
|
Term
| when lh binds the the Thica interna what happens? |
|
Definition
two androgens get released.
> andostradione
> testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-take FSH from theca interna and stimulate conversion of androgens to estrogens
-aromatase |
|
|
Term
| what is the 2 cell theroy? |
|
Definition
| in order to make estrogen you need both the thica interna and the granulosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the random production of estrogen
-- behavioral and physical changes occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
menstrual cycles at one specific time during the year
-roe deer |
|
|
Term
| when is the most likely time for surge in estrogen levels to occur in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
many cycles in a year but mainly during a specific season.
- usually when food is most abundant
-- cats- (season spring) - summer
-- - long (season winter) - spring/summer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primates
- cycles throughout the year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - ovulation that occurs weather the animal is mating or not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ovulation that only occurs after the animal mates
- camel |
|
|
Term
| t/F a possum has twitce the length outside the uterus then inside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female inactivity between estorus's
-luteal phase
-rodents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
build up of estrous
-- build up to follicular phase |
|
|
Term
| what is the 4 day luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| no pregnancy > pseudo pregnancy - some characteristics and features of pregnancy are present > extends the life of the courpus leuteum |
|
|
Term
| when are women most likely to ovulate? |
|
Definition
in the afternoon
-- ovulation usually follows the surge in LH by 30 hours |
|
|
Term
| at waht time do wemon usally have a surge in LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effects does estrous have? |
|
Definition
-raise the body temp by .5 to 1 degree
-homosexual experiences |
|
|
Term
| t/f pigs produce phermones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the nerves supplying the eyes cross infront of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-involved in pregnancy and the birth process
- responsible for the onset of labor and the contractions of the uterus
-produced in the post pit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anti-diveretic
-acts on the kidney and slows down the production of urine
-produced in the post pit |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 hormones that the antR pit produce? |
|
Definition
1) ACTH - (corticotropin)
2) TSH - thyrotropin
3) LH
4) FSH
5) prolactin (PRL) - prolacalion - milk production
6) GH - Growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| what is a unique feature of the AP, with respect to tissue? |
|
Definition
| the AP has different populations of cells, each poputation results in a different hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regulates how much hormones are secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
migration from nose area to hypothalamus down not take place
- more frequent in men - completly fertile men cant smell anything |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve doesnt develop or GnRH being produced where it doesnt need to be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-38 AA
-stimulate production of steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| what are the only two hormones produced by the AP that come from the same place> |
|
Definition
LH and FSH
- have the same alpha subunit |
|
|
Term
| does the aplha or beta chain dictate the molecules activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many peptide chains does prolactin consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway? and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
1) 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3BHSD) - pulls an H from the third postion on the ring structure
2) 17A-hydroxylase - adds and -OH to the 17th carbon
3) C17 - C20 Lyase - converts C20 to C19
4) 17B-HSD - pulls off H
5) Aromatase - removes estrogens |
|
|
Term
| what is the delta 4 bio pathway? |
|
Definition
| Acetate -> cholesterol -(cleaved by mitochondria)-> Delta-5-pregnenolone -(3B-HSB)-> progesterone -(17A-hydroxylase)-> 17A-OH-progesterone -(C17-C20-lyase)-> Androstenedione (-(17B-HSD)-> testosterone) or -(aromatase)-> 19-OH-Androstenedione -(aromatase)-> 19-O-Androstenedione -(aromatase)-> oestrone -(17B-HSD)-> oestradiol-17B(estrogen) |
|
|
Term
| what is the delta 5 bio pathway? |
|
Definition
| Acetate -> cholesterol -(cleaved by mitochondria)-> Delta-5-pregnenolone -(17A-hydroxylase)-> 17A-OH-pregnenolone -(C17-C20 lyase)-> dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) |
|
|
Term
| what dictates which biosynthesis pathway taken? |
|
Definition
| the enzyme that acts first |
|
|
Term
| what converts dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what converts 17A-OH-pregnenolone to 17A-OH-progesterone in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what converts delta-5-pregnenolone to progesterone in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone is the precursor to all steroid hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aeromatize androgens with the stimulation of FSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) rais body temp 1 degree
2) inhibits LH > no ovulation
3) stimulates secretory phase of endometrium
4) causescervical mucus to be come thick |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of estradiol during the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
1)maintenance and developemnt of 2-sex organs
2)maintenance and developemnt of 2-sex characteristics (softer skin, breast development and growth, higher voice, and fat deposit around hips)
3)travels to the follicles to help stimulate oogenesis
4)inhibits the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary
5) stimulates proliferative phase of the endometrium in the uterus
6) causes the cervical mucus to become copius, watery ans hospitable to sperm |
|
|
Term
| discribe the estrous cycle |
|
Definition
| proestrouds (follicular) > estrous (peak in E2) > metaestrous (graafian > C.L) > diestrous (leteal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diestrous body responds to maintain progesterone levels
-common in mammals
-- usedful in providing milk for young |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in: released from the AP
- other name: corticotrophin
- Structure: peptide
- target: adrenal cortex
- effect: secretion of glucocorticords
- regulation: CHR secretion stimulates release; ACTH inhibits release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in:
- other name: na
- Structure: na
- target: na
- effect: inhibits perception of pain
- regulation: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in: AP
- other name: na
- Structure: glycoprotein
- target: gonadotrophs (seminiferous tubules - male, ovarian follicles - female)
- effect: male - increased sperm production, female - stimulate follicle maturation
- regulation: FSH/LH stimulaes release; inhibun interferes with release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in:PP
- other name: somatostatin
- Structure:
- target: liver / adipose tissue
- effect: promotes grotwh, lipids, carb metabolism
- regulation: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in: AP
- other name: lutropin
- Structure: glycoprotein
- target: gonadotrophs ( ovaries and testis)
- effect: sex hormone production
- regulation: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in: AP
- other name: PRL
- Structure: peptide
- target: ovary / mammary gland
- effect: secretion of estrogens / progesterone / milk production
- regulation: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in: AP
- other name: Thyrotropin
- Structure: glycoprotein
- target: thyroid gland
- effect: secretion of thyroid hormones
- regulation: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced in: AP?
- other name: na
- Structure: na
- target: na
- effect: stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
- regulation: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- AKA: endocrine neuron
- function is to translate neural signals into chemical stimuli
-produces secretions that called neurochormones that travel along the neuron axon and releas into the blood stream
- very large in size compared to other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- neurons meet blood supply of artery
- very important in hypophyseal portal system
-- system of blood vessels that link hypothal. and AP
-site of fenstration |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 examples of corticotrophs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 hormones released by the AP? |
|
Definition
1) ACTH - corticotrophin
2) TSH - thyrotropin
3) prolactin - glycoprotein
4) FSH - glycoprotein
5) LH - glycoprotein
6) GH - somatotropin |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of lactotrophs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of somatotrophs? |
|
Definition
| release gonadotrophs (GH) |
|
|
Term
| how are FSH LH similar to TSH? |
|
Definition
-they are gonadotrophs
- they all have alpha and beta
- they can be hybridized |
|
|
Term
| if you hybridized a hormone and get alpha-LH with Beta-TSH it will function as? |
|
Definition
| TSH because Beta is the determining factor |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 different modes of secretion of FSH and LH |
|
Definition
-tonic - small fluctuations, normal hormone release
-- stimulates gonadal development
-surge - surge in LH and FSH
-- stimulates ovulation |
|
|
Term
| where does the surge in estrogen occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if you cut the preoptic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell if a rodent is male of female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to a male of they are induced with estrogen? |
|
Definition
nothing, there is no surge in LH
-- because the preoptic area has been destroyed |
|
|
Term
| in humans where does the tonic and surge happen? |
|
Definition
| in the ARC arcuate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what are the order of changes that occur in females? |
|
Definition
1) breast development- sensitive to estrogen
2) pubic hair growth
--androgens
3) peak "height" spurt
--estrogen promotes ossification
4) menarche
-- first menstral cycle
5) ovulation |
|
|
Term
| what are the order of changes that occur in males? |
|
Definition
1) genitalia develop
2) spermatogenesis
3) pubic hair develops
-- T
4) peak "height" spurt
--androgen |
|
|
Term
| how many stages does puberty have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in males when does puberty occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is believed to start puberty? |
|
Definition
| weight / the number of fat cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the weight in bays and girls required to begin puberty? |
|
Definition
-boys: 55kg / 110lbs
-girls: 47kg / 94 lbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produced by fat cells
-stimulates GnRH release
-- plays a key roll in energy intake and expenditure |
|
|
Term
| when are sex organs differentiated? |
|
Definition
| 3.5 - 4 weeks into pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| how long into a pregnancy can you tell if it is a boy or girl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in development where do the gonads develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sex-Determining gene on Y chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develops into a system of connected organs between the testis and the prostate
-leydig cells have T which stimulate wollfain duct
-its function is to store and mature sperm and provide accessory semen fluid
--T is very important for the development of this organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-if androgens are present they stimulate the wollfian duct and the sertoli cells release a mullarian inhibiting factor that prevents the development of mullarian duct
-if anti-mullarian factor id not present uterus develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes sexual differentiation of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- geniticly male
- externally looks like a female
- no internal female sex organs |
|
|
Term
| 46-XX andrenogenital syndrome |
|
Definition
| - a male reproductive system is developed internally |
|
|
Term
| 46XY persistant mullarian duct syndrome |
|
Definition
- testis are normal
-- producing androgens
-looks like a male
- has female internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorders caused durring meiosis, where chromosomes do not seperate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-XXY
-adnormal testicular development and reduced puberty
-steril |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-XO
-infertile
-99% of fetus with thiis abort
-of 1% 1/2500 live
-no neck
-poor breast and pubic hair development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a surge system in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of hormonal feedback |
|
Definition
1) long loop - hormoned secreted from the gonads exert their regulatory effects at the level of the anterior pituitary glad and the CNS
2) short loop - an action of pituitary hormones to regulate their own secretion, by acting within the hypothalamus to which they are delivered by back flow of blood up the pituitary stalk
3) ultra-short loop - referst to a neural action of the hypothalamic hormones to regulate their own secretions |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the tonic if the gonads are removed? |
|
Definition
| a large increase in lh and FSH tonic secretion |
|
|
Term
| how is the surge system regulated? |
|
Definition
| it is regulat4ed by a positive feedback loop with gonadal steroids |
|
|
Term
| why does an increase in estrogen cause a decrease in yonic LH secretion? |
|
Definition
| because estrogen and LH are in a FB loop |
|
|
Term
| what happens to GnRH when puberty nears? |
|
Definition
| the pulses increase frequency |
|
|
Term
| what two hormones cause spermatogenisis to start? |
|
Definition
-FSH which stimulates the sertoli cells
-Testosterone from leydig cells due to nocternal discharge of LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sex induces a release of GnRH and LH from pit. which induces ovulation
-- rabbit, ferret, mink, cat and camel |
|
|
Term
| what is a common complaint amouns airline hostess |
|
Definition
| time zone changes during the pre ovulatory phase of ovulation can prolong ovulation and therefore extent the menstrual cycle |
|
|
