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Repro Exam 2
Material from lessons 8-16
442
Physiology
Graduate
10/19/2014

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
True or False: Thin albumin is added to the egg after the shell membranes are deposited
Definition
True
Term
In avians and amphibians, ovulation is stimulated by the LH surge which is induced by..
Definition
Progesterone
Term
In avians the source of lipids for vitellogenesis is the..
Definition
Liver
Term
Thin albumin is added while the egg is in the ____ of the avian oviduct
Definition
Uterus
Term
The developing egg spends about ___ hours in the magnum
Definition
2-3 hours
Term
True or False: Ovulation does not occur from the right ovary of the red tailed hawk
Definition
False: Ovulation does occur in the right ovary of the red tailed hawk, kiwi, turkey vulture and Cooper's hawk but there is only 1 oviduct. The ovulated egg from the right ovary goes into the body cavity and is reabsorbed within 24 hrs
Term
Calcium mobilization for shell deposition in the hen is driven by..
Definition
Estradiol
Term
True or False: Thin albumin is added to the egg through the shell membranes
Definition
True
Term
Sperm can be maintained in the sperm storage glands of the turkey oviduct for about...
Definition
1.5 months
Term
Both ovaries are function in the reproductive tract of:
Definition
The turkey vulture and the red tailed hawk but NOT the chicken
Term
True or False: In chickens oviposition occurs about 6 hours after ovulation
Definition
False: Oviposition occurs 24-28 hrs after ovulation
Term
An example of a 3 egg cycle with a regular sequence and a regular pause is:
Definition
XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX
Term
An example of a 2-egg cycle with a regular sequence and regular pause is:
Definition
XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX
Term
Example species that are continuous breeders include:
Definition
Chickens but NOT hawks and parrots
Term
When eggs are laid in sequence the LH surge continues to shift..
Definition
Later and later in time
Term
True or False: Continuous breeders produce eggs in clutches
Definition
False: This is a characteristic of seasonal breeders
Term
True or False: In chickens, ovulation occurs about 24 hours after the LH surge
Definition
False: It occurs about 6 hrs after the LH surge
Term
The major steroid secreted by the granulosa layer of the hen is:
Definition
Progesterone
Term
True or False: Continuous breeders produce eggs in sequences
Definition
True
Term
Vitellogenesis occurs in ___ follicles
Definition
B (F5,LY) and C (SY, LW) but NOT F1 or F2

Vitellogenesis occurs in SW, LW, SY, LY, F5, F4 and F3
Term
The primary gonadotropin involved in regulating avian follicular steroidogenesis is:
Definition
LH
Term
True or False: In chickens, oviposition occurs about 24-26 hrs after ovulation
Definition
True
Term
Vitellogenin is synthesized in the..
Definition
Liver
Term
The major second messenger system used to drive avian follicular steroidogenesis is:
Definition
Protein Kinase A system
Term
In avian species, the magnum functions as the:
Definition
Major albumin secreting region
Term
The chromatin complement of the egg at ovulation in the hen is:
Definition
2C
Term
In avian species the cloaca functions as:
Definition
The site of oviposition
Term
The major steroid secreted by the theca externa layer of the hen is:
Definition
Estradiol
Term
In avian species the infundibulum functions as:
Definition
The site of fertilization
Term
Ovulation occurs about ___ hrs after the LH surge in chickens
Definition
6 hrs
Term
The major steroid secreted by the theca internal layer of the hen is:
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Thin albumin is added while the egg is in the ___ of the avian oviduct
Definition
Uterus
Term
Out of F5, F3, F1, Large Yolky and Large White which would be the smallest sized follicle on an avian ovary?
Definition
Large White
Term
In avian species the isthmus functions as:
Definition
Site of shell membrane deposition
Term
In avians progesterone secreted by an ovarian follicles induces..
Definition
albumin secretion
Term
Sperm storage glands are located in the __ of the avian oviduct
Definition
Infundibulum and utero-vaginal junction
Term
True or False: In chickens the LH surge only occurs during the daytime
Definition
False: LH surge in chickens only occurs at night. It is ovulation that only occurs during the daytime.
Term
A pause day occurs because..
Definition
An LH surge did not occur 36-40 hrs previously and/or an ovulation did not occur about 24 hr previously (A and B)
Term
True or False: In chickens, oviposition occurs about 6 hours after ovulation
Definition
False: oviposition occurs 24-26hrs after ovulation
Term
True or False: In chickens, ovulation occurs only in the daylight
Definition
True
Term
True or False: A laying sequence is individually determined
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Thin albumin is added to the egg after the shell membranes are deposited
Definition
True
Term
When eggs are laid in a sequence the LH surge continues to shift...
Definition
later and later in time
Term
The developing egg spends about __ hours in the infundibulum
Definition
.25-.50 hours
Term
The major steroid secreted by the granulosa layer of the hen is:
Definition
Progesterone
Term
In amphibians, progesterone secreted by an ovarian follicle induces..
Definition
Jelly coat formation
Term
True or False: In most avian species both ovaries are functional
Definition
False: In most avians only the left ovary is functional. Exceptions to this are the kiwi, turkey vulture, Cooper's hawk, and Red tailed hawk
Term
Vitellogenesis is stimulated by...
Definition
Estradiol
Term
The major second messenger system used to drive avian follicular steroidgenesis is:
Definition
Protein Kinase A system
Term
An example of an irregular sequence with an irregular pause is:
Definition
XXX-XX-X--X-XX--X---XX-X
Term
True or False: Continuous breeders can mate any time of the year
Definition
True
Term
Seasonal breeders exhibit:
Definition
All of the above: specific breeding periods, production of one or more clutches, incubation after clutch production
Term
True or False: In chickens, ovulation occurs about 6 hours after the LH surge
Definition
True
Term
Sperm can be maintained in the sperm storage glands of the turkey oviduct for about..
Definition
1.5 months
Term
The LH surge occurs in the queen...
Definition
After 4 matings on the 3rd day of estrus.
Term
In rabbits, cervical stimulation causes...
Definition
GnRH release from the hypothalmus
and ovulation
(a and c).
Term
In the rat on a normal (12:12) light cycle, ovulation occurs on the morning of...
Definition
estrus.
Term
Induced ovulators exhibit a neuroendocrine reflex arc: True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Species that exhibit induced ovulation include...
Definition
rabbit, ferret, cat.
Term
The queen exhibits...
Definition
a. breeding season from January-September
and
c. estrus periods of 5-8 days in length
(a and c)
Term
Estrogen secreted by the preovulatory follicle of the bitch begins to rise above baseline about _________ before the surge of LH.
Definition
2 weeks
Term
The rabbit exhibits estrous cycles: True or False?
Definition
False! The rabbit is an induced ovulator.
Term
The queen is a spontaneous ovulator: True or False?
Definition
False! The queen is an induced ovulator
Term
The queen exhibits estrus ______ (on what time schedule) during the breeding season.
Definition
every 2-3 weeks.
Term
The estrous cycle of the bitch lasts about...
Definition
60-80 days.
Term
Pseudopregnancy occurs as a result of an infertile mating: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
Estrous cycles are characterized by having...
Definition
ovulation early in the cycle.
Term
The rabbit exhibits...
Definition
periods of estrus every 2-3 days.
Term
Species that exhibit spontaneous ovulation include...
Definition
sheep, cow, primate.
Term
The estrous cycle of the ewe is 21 days in length: True of False?
Definition
False! The estrous cycle of the ewe is 16-17 days
Term
The ewe is a seasonal breeder exhibiting an anestrus season during short days: True or False?
Definition
False The ewe exhibits an anestrus period during long days, from spring-summer
Term
The dominant steroid secreted during the follicular phase of the ewe is...
Definition
estrogen.
Term
In the rat on a normal (12:12) light cycle, the LH surge occurs on the afternoon of...
Definition
proestrus
Term
The dominant steroid secreted during the follicular phase of the primate is...
Definition
estrogen.
Term
In the rat on a normal (12:12) light cycle, estradiol will surge about mid-day on...
Definition
proestrus
Term
Menstrual cycles are characterized by having...
Definition
ovulation at mid-cycle.
Term
During the latter portion of the follicular phase of the primate menstrual cycle, the uterus is in the ______(proliferative or secretory) phase?
Definition
proliferative
Term
During the luteal phase of the primate menstrual cycle, the uterus is in the ______(proliferative or secretory) phase?
Definition
Secretive.
Term
Pregnancy in the queen lasts about...
Definition
65 days.
Term
In the rat, a 5 day estrous cycle contains 2 days of...
Definition
diestrus.
Term
The primary energy source used by sperm exhibiting hyperactivated motility is...
Definition
fructose.
Term
Capacitation can be mimicked in vitro: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
The process of capacitation is thought to release...
Definition
decapacitation factors from the plasma membrane.
Term
Cortical granule release occurs when...
Definition
the sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane.
Term
Pinocytosis means...
Definition
cell drinking
Term
Proacrosin is located on the...
Definition
sperm inner acrosomal membrane.
Term
Capacitation is NOT a reversible process: True or False?
Definition
False! It is a reversible process
Term
Egg activation occurs as a result of...
Definition
a. sperm binding to the vitelline membrane
b. transient releases of calcium
c. release of DAG and IP3
d. ALL of the Above. <--Yes, all of these are correct.
Term
Hyperactivated sperm demonstrate...
Definition
a. whip-like flagella movement
and
b. rise in intracellular calcium concentrations
(a and b)
Term
Capacitation occurs as a result of...
Definition
residence in the uterus.
Term
Free protamines preferentially bind to...
Definition
nucleoplasmin
Term
Spermatozoal DNA is packaged with...
Definition
protamines
(NOT histones)
Term
The second messenger systems involved in induction of hyperactivated motility include...
Definition
a. G-proteins
b. Calcium release
c. Protein Kinase A
d. ALL of the above <--Yes, all of the above is correct.
Term
Disulfide bonds in protamines are reduced by...
Definition
glutathione
Term
The acrosome reaction is induced by binding to...
Definition
the zona pellucida
Term
Calcium waves originate where the oocyte meiotic spindle is located: True or False?
Definition
False! (Ca++ waves start from the site of sperm-egg binding)
Term
The process of capacitation is thought to release...
Definition
decapacitation factors from the plasma membrane.
Term
A lowering of intracellular pH facilitates hyperactivated motility: True or False?
Definition
False! (increased intracellular Ca++ and removal of decapacitation factors induces this)
Term
Calcium is released upon sperm-egg binding: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
Only capacitated sperm can participate in fertilization: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
Intracellular pH rises during egg activation: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
Proacrosin is located on the...
Definition
sperm inner acrosomal membrane.
Term
Disulfide bonds in protamines are reduced by...
Definition
glutathione.
Term
Capacitation can be mimicked in vitro: True or False?
Definition
True!
Term
Proacrosin is activated to become acrosin by...
Definition
calcium.
Term
Sperm fusion proteins are located on...
Definition
a. sperm plasma membrane
and
b. equatorial segment
(a and b)
Term
The acrosome reaction is induced by binding to...
Definition
the zona pellucida
Term
Sperm bind to the zona pellucida via...
Definition
ZP3
Term
Egg activation occurs as a result of...
Definition
activation of phospholipase C.
Term
Somatic cell DNA is packaged with...
Definition
histones.
Term
Proacrosin is located on the...
Definition
sperm inner acrosomal membrane.
Term
Chimeras are genetic hybrids: True or False?
Definition
False!
Term
In mammals, cleavage divisions occur through the blastocyst stage of development: True or False?
Definition
True!
Term
A mosaic has genetically different cell types: True or False?
Definition
True!
Term
The ICM develops from...
Definition
The cells residing on the inside of the morula.
Term
Cleavage divisions in Xenopus embryos always result in daughter cells of roughly equal size: True or False?
Definition
FALSE! (animal pole cells smaller vs vegetal pole cells bigger)
Term
Compact morula have all cells in the embryo adhered to each other by tight junctions: True or False?
Definition
False (outer are tight junctions, inner are gap junctions).
Term
Chimeras are useful for studies in...
Definition
a. tissue derivation
b. cell lineages
c. cell destiny
d. all of the above <-- Yes, all of these above are correct.
Term
Compact or tight morula have large intercellular spaces: True or False?
Definition
False! (it's tight in there)
Term
In a chimera between a 4-cell goat embryo and a 4-cells of an 8-cell sheep embryo, which would contribute most to the placenta?
Definition
the cells of the goat embryo (the goat embryo's cells are younger, so they stay on the outside to form the placenta, while the older cells migrate to the center to form the ICM).
Term
The total cell mass of a fertilized mammalian ovum stays constant throughout the first 4 embryonic divisions: True or False?
Definition
True!
Term
Inner cell mass cells become...
Definition
the fetus.
Term
The tortise-shell cat is an example of a chimera: True or False?
Definition
False! (it's a mosaic)
Term
Pig embryos reach the uterus at about _____hours (how long) after the onset of estrus?
Definition
100 hours.
Term
Human embryos reach the uterus about ______days (how long) after fertilization?
Definition
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. all of the above. <--Yes, all of the above is correct.
Term
The ICM develops from...
Definition
the cells residing on the inside of the morula.
Term
A blastomere is...
Definition
b. an embryonic cell
c. a cell undergoing cleavage divisions
(b and c)
Term
Random X-chromosome inactivation occurs at the _____ (which stage) stage of development?
Definition
blastocyst stage.
Term
In cattle, a morula has about...
Definition
32-64 cells.
Term
In amphibians, cleavage divisions result in equal sized daughter cells: True or False?
Definition
False (animal pole vs vegetal pole)
Term
Gap junctions function to facilitate attachment of outer cells in the tight morula: True or False?
Definition
False! (That'd be tight junctions)
Term
The blastocyst forms as a result of...
Definition
a. Pumping of Na+ ions into the interior of the morula.
b. flow of extra-embryonic fluids through the trophoblast.
c. function of aquaporin channels in the trophoblast.
d. all of the above. <--Yes, all of the above are correct.
Term
In mammals, cleavage divisions result in equal-sized daughter cells: True or False?
Definition
True!
Term
Human blastocysts implant...
Definition
immediately after hatching.
Term
All females are mosaics: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
The placenta is derived from...
Definition
a. the outside cells of the compact morula.
b. the trophoblast.
(a and b are correct)
Term
Gap junctions facilitate communication amongst the cells of the morula: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
Xenopus embryos develop with extremely slow cleavage divisions: True or False?
Definition
False. (very rapid compared to mammals)
Term
A chimera contains genetically different cells derived from a single zygote: True or False?
Definition
False (chimeras= 2 or more zygotes combined)
Term
In avian species, the infundibulum functions as...
Definition
the site of fertilization.
Term
Ovulation occurs about ______ (how many) hours after the LH surge in chickens?
Definition
6.
Term
In avian species, the magnum functions as...
Definition
the major albumin secreting region.
Term
The major steroid secreted by the theca interna layer of the hen is...
Definition
Testosterone.
Term
Thin albumin is added while the egg is in the _____ (which region) of the avian oviduct?
Definition
uterus.
Term
Which of the following would be the smallest-sized follicle on an avian ovary?
Definition
Large white is the smallest follicle.
Term
In the avian species, the isthmus functions as...
Definition
the site of shell membrane deposition.
Term
The major steroid secreted by the granulosa layer of the hen is...
Definition
Progesterone.
Term
In avians, progesterone secreted by an ovarian follicle...
Definition
induces albumin secretion.
Term
Sperm storage glands are located in the _______ (which regions) of the avian oviduct?
Definition
a. infundibulum
d. utero-vaginal junction
(a and d are correct)
Term
In chickens, the LH surge only occurs in the daytime: True or False?
Definition
False! nighttime?
Term
A pause day occurs because...
Definition
a. an LH surge did not occur about 36-40 hours previously
and
b. an ovulation did not occur about 24 hours previously.
(a and b are correct)
Term
In chickens, oviposition occurs about 6 hours after ovulation: True or False?
Definition
False! 24-28 hrs after ovulation
Term
In chickens, ovulation occurs about 24 hours after the LH surge: True or False?
Definition
False! 6 hrs after the LH surge
Term
In chickens, ovulation occurs only in the daylight: True or False?
Definition
True!
Term
A laying sequence is individually determined: True or False?
Definition
True!
Term
The developing egg spends about____ (how many hours) hours in the infundibulum?
Definition
.25-.50 hours
Term
The major steroid secreted by the granulosa layer of the hen is...
Definition
Progesterone
Term
In avian species, the magnum functions as...
Definition
the major albumin secreting region.
Term
In avian species, the isthmus functions as...
Definition
site of shell membrane deposition.
Term
which of the following would be the smallest-sized follicle on an avian ovary?
Definition
large white.
Term
The primary gonadotropin involved in regulating avian follicular steroidogenesis is ________
Definition
LH.
Term
In amphibians, progesterone secreted by an ovarian follicle...
Definition
induces jelly coat formation.
Term
In most avian species, both ovaries are functional: True or False?
Definition
False (just the left).
Term
The incidence of polyspermy is reduced by the...
Definition
a. Zona Block
b. Vitelline Block
(a and b)
Term
Egg activation occurs as a result of...
Definition
activation of phospholipase C
Term
The acrosome reaction is induced by binding to...
Definition
the zona pellucida
Term
The dominant steroid secreted during the follicular phase of the primate is...
Definition
estrogen
Term
Cortical granule release occurs when...
Definition
the sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane.
Term
Dominant steroids secreted during the luteal phase of the primate are...
Definition
estrogen and progesterone.
Term
Capacitation results in the ability to undergo...
Definition
b. hyperactivated motility
c. acrosome reaction
d. fertilization
(b, c, and d)
Term
Intracellular pH rises during egg activation: True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Capacitation involves changes in ..
Definition
sperm membrane lipid composition
AND
proteins in sperm plasma membranes
Term
Spermatozoa gain the ability to fertilize when they are in the _______ portion of the epididymis.
Definition
cauda
Term
Sperm without an equatorial segment can fertilize an oocyte. True or False?
Definition
False
Term
Induced ovulators exhibit a neuroendocrine reflex arc. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Cortical granule release occurs when...
Definition
the sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane
Term
The queen exhibits...
Definition
breeding season from January-September
AND
estrus periods of 5-8 days in length
Term
A lowering of intracellular pH facilitates hyperactivated motility. True of False?
Definition
False
Term
Spermatozoal DNA is packaged with...
Definition
protamines
Term
The dominant steriod secreted during the follicular phase of the ewe is...
Definition
estrogen
Term
Second messenger systems involved in induction of hyperactivated motility include...
Definition
a. G-proteins
b. Calcium release
c. Protein Kinase A
(a, b, and c)
Term
The LH surge occurs in the queen...
Definition
After 4 matings on the 3rd day of estrus. (There MUST be 4 matings for this to occur)
Term
Second messenger systems involved in induction of hyperactivated motility include:
Definition
A. G-proteins
B. Calcium release
C. Protein Kinase A

ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE.
Term
The incidence of polyspermy is reduced by the..
Definition
A and B: Zona block and Vitelline block
Term
Egg activation occurs as a result of..
Definition
Activation of Phospholipase C
Term
The acrosome reaction is induced by binding to..
Definition
The zona pellucida
Term
The dominant steroid secreted during the follicular phase of the primate is..
Definition
Estrogen
Term
The primary energy source used by sperm exhibiting hyperactivated motility is..
Definition
Fructose
Term
Cortical granule release occurs when..
Definition
The sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane
Term
Dominant steroids secreted during the luteal phase of the primate are..
Definition
Estrogen and Progesterone
Term
True or False: Intracellular pH rises during egg activation
Definition
True. Due to the H+/Na exchanger, protons gets extruded causing pH increase
Term
In the ewe and the cow, LH levels are low during the luteal phase because..
Definition
A and B: Progesterone has negative feedback on LH (a) and Estradiol has negative feedback on LH (b)
Term
Capacitation occurs as a result of residence in the..
Definition
Uterus
Term
Replacement of histones with protamines on sperm DNA is referred to as..
Definition
Sperm decondensation
Term
True or False: Capacitation can be mimicked in vitro
Definition
True
Term
The vitelline block occurs when..
Definition
The sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane
Term
Capacitation results in the ability to undergo..
Definition
B,C and D: hyperactivated motility (b), acrosome reaction (c), and fertilization (d)
Term
Spermatozoa gain the ability to fertilize when they are in the _______ portion of the epididymis.
Definition
Cauda
Term
True of False: Gap junctions function to facilitate attachment of outer cells in the tight morula
Definition
False: They facilitate communication (amongst the cells of the morula)
Term
True of False: Gap junctions facilitate communication amongst the cells of the morula
Definition
True
Term
True of False: Compact or tight morula have large intracellular spaces
Definition
False. Large intracellular spaces are characteristic of loose morula
Term
Injection chimeras can be constructed using..
Definition
All of the above: blastomeres (a), embryonic stem cells (b), teratocarcinoma cells (c)
Term
True of False: The blastocyst stage is the first embryonic stage in which differentiation of cell types occurs within the embryo
Definition
True
Term
A blastomere is..
Definition
B and C: an embryonic cell (b) and a cell undergoing cleavage divisions (c)
Term
True of False: In mammals cleavage divisions result in equal sized daughter cells
Definition
True
Term
Xenopus embryos exhibit..
Definition
A and B: an animal pole (a) and a vegetal pole (b)
Term
True of False: Chimeras are genetic hybrids
Definition
False. Chimeras are individuals with genetically different cell types originating from two or more zygotes
Term
True of False: Cell divisions in the Xenopus embryo animal vs. vegetal segments occur at the same rate
Definition
False: Divisions are more rapid in the animal pole
Term
The vitelline block occurs when..
Definition
The sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane
Term
Pinocytosis means..
Definition
Cell drinking
Term
Hyperactivated sperm demonstrate..
Definition
A and B: whip-like flagella movement (a) and rise in intracellular calcium concentrations (b)
Term
True of False: Intracellular pH rises during egg activation
Definition
True
Term
Proacrosin is activated to become acrosin by..
Definition
Calcium
Term
True of False: Calcium is released upon sperm-egg binding
Definition
True
Term
The zona block occurs when..
Definition
The sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane
Term
Egg activation occurs as a result of..
Definition
Activation of Phospholipase C
Term
The acrosome reaction is induced by binding to..
Definition
The zona pellucida
Term
In the rat on a normal (12:12) light cycle, ovulation occurs in the morning of..
Definition
Estrus
Term
In the rat, a 5 day estrous cycle contains 2 days of..
Definition
Diestrus
Term
During the latter portion of the follicular phase of the primate menstrual cycle, the uterus is in the ___ phase
Definition
Proliferative
Term
The rabbit exhibits..
Definition
Periods of estrus every 2-3 days
Term
The dominant steroid secreted during the follicular phase of the primate is..
Definition
Estrogen
Term
Estrous cycles are characterized by having..
Definition
Ovulation early in the cycle
Term
During the luteal phase of the primate menstrual cycle, the uterus is in the ___ phase
Definition
Secretory
Term
The queen exhibits estrus ____ during the breeding season
Definition
Every 2-3 weeks
Term
TVOR stands for..
Definition
Transvaginal oocyte recovery
Term
True or False: Non-surgical embyro transfer was introduced in the 1980s
Definition
True
Term
The preferred site of embryo deposition used in non-surgical and surgical embryo transfer in cattle is..
Definition
Upper third of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum
Term
Embryo transfer is a method useful for..
Definition
Propagating valuable females
Term
IVF (in vitro fertilization) can be performed using ova from..
Definition
A and B: live cattle and deceased cattle
Term
Donor females used in an embryo transfer program can be super-ovulated and non-surgically flushed about ___ times per year
Definition
3 times
Term
An advantage of in vitro fertilization for embryo production and transfer from a donor female compared to super-ovulation of a donor female for embryo production and transfer is..
Definition
Multiple sires can be used per production cycle with IVF
Term
Ova recovered from ovaries can be used successfully for IVF up to..
Definition
11 hours post-mortem
Term
True or False: In embryo transfer in cattle, donor females are typically super-ovulated to produce many embryos
Definition
True
Term
Ova recovered for a typical IVF procedure can be fertilized after..
Definition
20 hours of culture
Term
In cattle, IVF embryos are typically cultured to the morula or blastocyst stages of development prior to transfer to recipient females:true or false?
Definition
True.
Term
The preferred site of embryo deposition used in non-surgical embryo transfer in cattle is...
Definition
Upper third of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL
Term
Abnormal offspring syndrome in cattle can be associated with...
Definition
A and C. The production of embryos in vitro (a), and abnormalities in placental development (c).
Term
Non-surgical embryo transfer requires epidural anesthesia: true or false?
Definition
True.
Term
In cattle, offspring produced by IVF procedures are identical to those produced through superovulation and embryo recovery from donor females: true or false?
Definition
False (they are not identical. Sometimes bigger and sometimes smaller)
Term
In vitro embryo production can be useful for treatment of clinical infertility: true or false?
Definition
True!
Term
In cattle, sperm can be used for the in vitro insemination procedure from the frozen insemination straw without any prior preparation: true or false?
Definition
False. They must be prepared.
Term
The first successful embryo transfer was done in...
Definition
Rabbits
Term
In vitro embryo production has been used in...
Definition
All of the above. Cattle, goats, humans, cats.
Term

In the rat on a normal (12:12) light cycle, ovuation occurs on the morning of

Definition
Estrus
Term

 

Dominant steriods secreted during the luteal phase of the primate are

Definition

 Estrogen and progesterone

Term

Capacitation occurs as a result of

Definition

Residence in the uterus

Term

During the latter portion of the follicular phase of the primate menstrual cycle, the uterus is in the _________ phase.

Definition
Poliferative
Term
True or False: Capacitation can be mimicked in vitro
Definition
True
Term
The LH surge occurs in the queen
Definition
After 4 matings on the third day of the estrus
Term
The vitelline block occurs when
Definition
The sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane
Term
The zona block occurs when
Definition
The sperm binds to the oocyte plasma membrane
Term
Second messenger systems involved in induction of hyperactivated motility include
Definition
G proteins, Calcium release and Protein kinase A
Term
True or False: The queen is a spontaneous ovulator
Definition
False - induced ovulator
Term
TVOR stands for
Definition
Transvaginal oocyte recovery
Term
True or False: The first successful embryo transfer was not done until 1960
Definition
False
Term
Ova recovered from ovaries can be used successfully for IVF
Definition
Up tp 11 hour post-mortem
Term
True or False: In cattle, sperm can be used for the in vitro insemination procedure from the frozen insemination straw without any prior preparation.
Definition
False
Term
True or False: In vitro embryo production can be useful for treatment of clinical infertility
Definition
True
Term
Abnormal offspring syndrome in cattle can be associated with
Definition
Production of embryos in vitro, and abnormalities in placental development
Term
IVF can be performed using ova from
Definition
Live cattle and deceased cattle
Term
True or False: In vitro embryo production procedures in cattle typically involve oocyte maturation in vitro prior to fertilization
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Non surgical embyo transfer in cattle was introduced in the 1980s
Definition
True
Term
True or False: About a quarter of all superovulated donor females do not produce any embryos when embryo recovery is attempted
Definition
True
Term
One goal of manipulation of milk composition using transgenesis is
Definition
To facilitate post-harvest milk processing
Term
True or False: A target gene locus for creation of transgenic chickens for biopharmaceuticals production is the ovalbumin gene
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Resistance to the use of biological products from cattle for human therapy is, in part, a result of potential prions in bovine tissues
Definition
True
Term
Stably integrated transgenes..
Definition
Can be passed from parents to offspring
Term
True or False: Biosteel refers to production of catapillar protein in milk of transgenic animals
Definition
False: Biosteel is recombinant spider silk used for military and industrial applications
Term
A bioreactor is
Definition

-biological organism for product synthesis

-use of biology to create products

Term
Proposed milk modifications might include
Definition

-changes in lactose composition

-changes in caesin composition

-addition of lactoferrin

Term
Transgenic animals can carry genes from
Definition

-bacteria

-viruses

-animals

-plants

Term
True or False: Transgenic chickens have been successfully developed to produce biopharmaceuticals in their egg yolks
Definition
False
Term
Factors that hold back large scale production of transgenic animals for nutraceutical supplementation of milk in the US include
Definition

-funding constraints

-social acceptability 

-necessity to prove safety and efficacy

Term
True or False: Pluripotent cells are germ cell proven
Definition
False: Pluripotent cells are usually not germ cell proven. Totipotent cells are germ cell proven in mice.
Term
Targeted gene manipulation in ES cells allows
Definition

-testing of transgene constructs

-verification of correct transgene insertion

-control of transgene copy number

Term
True or False: The use of ES cells as tissue replacement therapy has not been proven
Definition
False. It has been shown for cardiac tissue, nerve cells and other tissues
Term
True or False: Embryonic stem cells can be produced from cells of the trophoblast
Definition
False: They need to be produced from the ICM. Trophoblast cells have been differentiated while ICM cells have not.
Term
Ethical issues associated with the use of embryonic stem cells focus on
Definition
the method of ES cell production
Term
True or False: In the US, embryonic stem cell research can currently be supported by federal funding sources
Definition
True. Obama re-established this.
Term
iPS stands for
Definition
induced pluripotent stem cells
Term
Embryonic stem cells can be used to make transgenic cell lines using
Definition

-homologous recombination

-microinjection

Term
True or False: Use of iPS cells for production of replacement tissue does not have major potential drawbacks
Definition
False: Viral vectors are used and this may induce tumors later on
Term
True or False: Embryonic stem cells can be produced from cells of the inner cell mass
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Inter-species cloning between humans and animals cannot be legally performed in the United States
Definition
False. This is done despite the guidelines by the NIH in 2000
Term
True or False: Repeated cloning of a cloned animal can be successfully accomplished
Definition
True
Term
Requirements for producing a nuclear transfer zygote include
Definition
an enucleated oocyte
Term
True or False: Cells other than female germ cells can be used as a host cytoplasm for nuclear transfer
Definition
False. The oocyte is the only cell capable of adjusting to new DNA/nucleus
Term
True or False: Inter-species cloning between humans and animals is permitted in some European nations
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Inter-species NT was first accomplished in the 1970s
Definition
False. It was first established in the late 1980s - 1990s
Term
True or False: Inter-species cloned animals do not develop beyond the 4-cell stage
Definition
False. They have been show to develop into early and late gestation.
Term
Cloning is useful for
Definition

-progation of transgenic animals

-creation of genetically identical individuals

Term
True or False: In cattle, the incidence of abnormal offspring syndrome can reach 65%
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Inter-species cloned animals have mitochondria from donor cell cytoplasm
Definition
False. The mitochondria comes from the recipient oocyte cytoplasm
Term
The agent responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine is
Definition
estrogen
Term
In rodents, stimulation of the cervix results in
Definition

-induction of the secondary gonadotropin surge

-induction of nocturnal and diurnal prolcatin surges

Term
A precursor of PGF synthesis in the uterine endometrium is
Definition
DAG
Term
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the pig is described by the
Definition
endocrine-exocrine hypothesis
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the pig is ______ of gestation
Definition
days 11-16
Term
The embryonic signal for pregnancy recognition in primates is produced by
Definition
the trophoblast
Term
PGF is produced by the uterine endometrium by activation of the PIP2 pathway by binding of _____ to its receptor
Definition
oxytocin
Term
Diurnal surges occur during
Definition
the day-time
Term
True or False: Ruminant conceptuses remain in the same morphological configuration during the period of maternal recognition of pregnancy
Definition
False
Term
Species that utilize luteotropic mechanisms for pregnancy recognition include
Definition

-rats

-primates

Term
True or False: Production of iPS cells does not involve embryo manipulation
Definition
True
Term
True or False: The use of ES cells as tissue replacement therapy has not been proven
Definition
False: It has been proven for cardiac tissue, nerve cells, blood cells, etc.
Term
True or False: Embryonic stem cells can be produced from the inner cell mass
Definition
True
Term
iPS cells can be potentially advantageous for cell replacement therapy because they can be made...
Definition
To be isogenic with the patient
Term
True or False: Embryonic stem cells can be produced from cells of the trophoblast
Definition
False: They cannot be produced from trophoblast cells because those cells are differentiated unlike the cells of the ICM
Term
Embryonic stem cells can be used to make transgenic cell lines using..
Definition
Homologous recombination (B) and Microinjection (C)
Term
True or False: In Britain, human animal cloning is permitted as long as embryos remain in preimplantation stages
Definition
True
Term
There is a one in ____ to one in ____ change that genes can be successfully introduced in the genome of ES cells during mitosis
Definition
1,000,000 ; 1,000,000,000
Term
Pluripotency refers to..
Definition
The ability to differentiate into MOST cell types of the body
Term
Targeted gene manipulation in ES cells allows..
Definition
All of the above: testing of transgene constructs, verification of correct transgene insertion, control of transgene copy number
Term
True or False: Transgenic chickens have been successfully developed to produce biopharmaceuticals in their egg yolks
Definition
False
Term
True or False: Transient expression of a transgene (non-stable integration) is detrimental to the individual
Definition
False: Non-stable integration just means that the transgene incorporated will not be permanently incorporated. It will not be passed down to the offspring
Term
True or False: A target gene locus for creation of transgenic chickens for biopharmaceutical production is the ovalbumin gene
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Microinjection of transgenes invariably results in stable gene integration
Definition
False: It can result in the gene being incorporated into an area that does not get expressed or into an area critical for development. Integration is random
Term
True or False: Bacterial fermentation is a highly effective method for production of mammalian glycoproteins
Definition
False
Term
The number of microinjected embryos that can be implanted in the uterus of a mouse is about..
Definition
30
Term
True or False: GloFish are not legally available in the United States
Definition
False
Term
Transgenesis has been suggested for production of:
Definition
All of the above: pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, modified milk products, replacement tissues and organs
Term
Microinjection of a transgene is the primary method for transgenic animal production in what species?
Definition
All of the above: cattle, sheep, pigs
Term
Proposed milk modifications might include..
Definition
All of the above: change in lactose composition, changes in casein composition, addition of lactoferrin
Term
Cloning is useful for...
Definition
A and C: Propagation of transgenic animals and creation of genetically identical individuals
Term
Donor sources for nuclear transfer can include..
Definition
All of the above: blastomeres, ES cells, somatic cells
Term
Requirements for producing a nuclear transfer zygote include:
Definition
An enucleated oocyte (B)
Term
True or False: Cells other than female germ cells can be used as a host cytoplasm for nuclear transfer
Definition
False: Only female germ cells can be used as a host because the oocyte can adjust to new DNA/Nuclear content
Term
True or False: Inter-species cloned animals have mitochondria from the donor cell cytoplasm
Definition
False: Inter-species cloned animals have mitochondria from the recipient oocyte cytoplasm
Term
True or False: Inter-species NT was first accomplished in the 1970s
Definition
False: It was first reported in the 1980- early 1990s
Term
Issues with nuclear transfer offspring can include..
Definition
A and B: excessively large size and abnormalities in placental development
Term
True or False: Inter-species cloned animals do not develop beyond the 4 cell stage
Definition
False: They have been recovered in early gestation and late gestation
Term
True or False: Inter-species cloning between humans and animals is permitted in some European nations
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Repeated cloning of a cloned animal can be successfully accomplished
Definition
True. Up to 5 generations of repeated cloning have been observed
Term
In vitro embryo production has been used in:
Definition
a. cattle
b. goats
c. humans
d. cats
(a-d, all of the above)
Term
In cattle, offspring produced by IVF procedures are identical to those produced through superovulation and embryo recovery from donor females. T/F?
Definition
False
Term
In vitro embryo production can be useful for treatment of clinical infertility. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
TVOR stands for:
Definition
transvaginal oocyte recovery
Term
In embryo transfer in cattle, donor females are typically superovulated to produce many embryos. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Non-surgical embryo transfer in cattle was introduced in the 1980s. T/F?
Definition
True
(Surgical ET in cattle was introduced in 1970s)
Term
In cattle, IVF embryos are typically cultured to the morula or blastocyst stages of development prior to transfer to recipient females. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Non-surgical embryo transfer requires epidural anesthesia. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
The average yield of embryos from a superovulated female is:
Definition
5-6 embryos
(cf. 25% of flushes yield 0 embryos)
Term
Ova recovered from ovaries can be used successfully for IVF: (for how long?)
Definition
up to 11 hours post-mortem
Term
Transgenic animals for commercial biopharmaceutical production...
Definition
will be produced and propagated in private companies.
Term
A target gene locus for creation of transgenic chickens for biopharmaceuticals is the ovalbumin gene: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
Transgenic animals can be used to...
Definition
decrease the cost of biopharmaceutical production.
Term
Cattle that have only human antibodies for use in their immune system cannot develop immune resistance to common bovine disease agents: True or False?
Definition
False. They can.
Term
Microinjection of transgenes invariably results in stable gene integration: True or False?
Definition
False. Stable gene integration is quite variable, infrequent, in fact.
Term
The female pronucleus is the preferred site for microinjection of a transgene: True or False?
Definition
False. The males are better for microinjection (just the first of many things males are better at than females).
Term
Green"Glo" animals are transgenic for the jelly-fish protein known as GFP (green fluorescent protein)
Definition
True.
Term
GloFish are not legally available in the United States: True or False?
Definition
False. They are available in many states and countries.
Term
Bacterial fermentation is a highly effective method for production of mammalian glycoproteins: True or False?
Definition
False. It is not.
Term
Transgenic chickens have been successfully developed to produce biopharmaceuticals in their egg yolks: True or False?
Definition
False. It's the egg whites, not the yolks.
Term
Ethical issues associated with the use of embryonic stem cells focus on...
Definition
the method of ES cell production
Term
Embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into...
Definition
all of the above: muscle cells; skin cells; islet cells; neurons.
Term
The use of ES cells as tissue replacement therapy has not been proven: True or False?
Definition
False. Its use HAS been proven.
Term
There is a one in ______ to one in ______ chance that genes can be successfully introduced in the genome of ES cells during mitosis.
Definition
1,000,000; to 1,000,000,000.
Term
In the US, embryonic stem cell research can currently be supported by federal funding sources: True or False?
Definition
True. Yes we can.
Term
Embryonic stem cells...
Definition
all of the above: can be induced to differentiate in culture; are immortal cell lines; are capable of forming teratocarcinomas.
Term
Production of iPS cells does not involve embryo manipulation: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
Pluripotency refers to...
Definition
the ability to differentiate into most cell types of the body.
Term
Tarted gene manipulation in ES cells allows...
Definition
all of the above: testing of transgene constructs; verification of correct transgene insertion; control of transgene copy number.
Term
Totipotency refers to...
Definition
the ability to differentiate into all cell types of the body.
Term
Cloning is useful for...
Definition
a and c: a)propagation of transgenic animals; c)creation of genetically identical (not phenotypically identical) individuals.
Term
Inter-species NT was first accomplished in the 1970s: True or False?
Definition
False. 1990s.
Term
Requirements for producing a nuclear transfer zygote include...
Definition
an enucleated oocyte.
Term
Repeated cloning of a cloned animal can be successfully accomplished: True or False?
Definition
True. It can be successfully accomplished.
Term
Donor sources for nuclear transfer can include...
Definition
all of the above: blastomeres; ES cells; somatic cells.
Term
In cattle, the incidence of abnormal offspring syndrome can reach 65%: True or False?
Definition
True. It can reach 65%.
Term
Inter-species cloned animals have mitochondria from the donor cell cytoplasm: True or False?
Definition
False. The mitochondria are from the recipient animal's (enucleated) cytoplasm.
Term
Cells other than female germ cells can be used as a host cytoplasm for nuclear transfer: True or False?
Definition
False. It's gotta be the ladies germ cells. Sorry fellas.
Term
Inter-species cloning between humans and animals cannot be legally performed in the United States: True or False?
Definition
False. It CAN be legally performed in the US.
Term
Inter-species cloning between humans and animals is permitted in some European nations: True or False?
Definition
True. It's permitted there in some places.
Term
Green "glo" animals are transgenic for the jelly-fish protein known as GFP (green fluorscent protein). T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Resistance to the use of biological products from cattle for human therapy is, in part, a result of potential prions in bovine tissues. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Microinjection of a transgene is the primary method for transgenic animal production in what species?
Definition
a. cattle
b. sheep
c. pigs
(a-c, all of the above)

Microinjection of DNA into 1-cell embryo is the most common method for mammals
Term
Proposed milk modifications might include:
Definition
a. changes in lactose composition
b. changes in casein composition
c. addition of lactoferrin
(a-c, all of the above)
Term
Bacterial fermentation is a highly effective method for production of mammalian glycoproteins. T/F?
Definition
False
Term
Transgenic animals can carry genes from: (what organisms?)
Definition
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. animals
d. plants
(a-d, all of the above)
Term
One goal of manipulation of milk composition using transgenesis is:
Definition
to facilitate post-harvest milk processing

(NOT to facilitate biopharmaceutical production)
Term
Stably integrated transgenes:
Definition
can be passed from parents to offspring
Term
Transient expression of a transgene (non-stable integration) is detrimental to the individual. T/F?
Definition
False
Term
GloFish are not legally available in the United States.
Definition
False

(But all GMO fish incl. GloFish are illegal in California)
Term
PGF is produced by the uterine endometrium by activation of the PIP2 pathway by binding of _______ to its receptor.
Definition
Oxytocin.
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the pig is ________ of gestation.
Definition
days 11-16.
Term
In the rat, extension of progesterone production beyond mid-gestation for support of pregnancy occurs as a result of the action of...
Definition
rat placental lactogen.
Term
2D-PAGE separates proteins based on...
Definition
a and b: a-pI; b-molecular weight
Term
The embryonic luteotropin in primates binds to _______ receptors in the CL.
Definition
LH.
Term
The embryonic signal for pregnancy recognition in primates is produced by...
Definition
the trophoblast.
Term
The agent responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine is...
Definition
estrogen.
Term
The embryonic product responsible for maternal recognition in primates...
Definition
none of the above. (above=chorioallantoic gonadotropin; placental gonadotropin; amnionic gonadotropin) correct answer would have been human (or other ape) chorionic gonatotropin.
Term
Luteotropic pregnancy recognition mechanisms involve direct support of luteal function: True or False?
Definition
True.
Term
The CL is required for pregnancy maintenance for a period of _______ in the pig.
Definition
114 days.
Term
Embryonic stem cells can be derived from:
Definition
a. morula
b. blastocysts
c. inner cell mass
(a-c, all of the above)
Term
Gene targeted ES cells are converted into embryos by:
Definition
blastocyst injection
Term
Embryonic stem cells: (list characteristics)
Definition
a. can be induced to differentiate in culture
b. are immortal cells lines
c. are capable of forming teratocarcinomas
(a-c, all of the above)
Term
Embryonic stem cells can be produced from cells of the inner cell mass. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Targeted gene manipulation in ES cells allows:
Definition
a. testing of transgene constructs
b. verification of correct transgene insertion
c. control of transgene copy number
(a-c, all the above)
Term
Pluripotency refers to:
Definition
the ability to differentiate into most cell types of the body

(cf. totipotency)
Term
Embryonic stem cells can be used to produce transgenic animals. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
iPS cells can be potentially advantageous for cell replacement therapy because they can be made:
Definition
to be isogenic with the patient
Term
In Britian, human animal cloning is permitted as long as embryos remain in preimplantation stages. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
iPS stands for:
Definition
induced pluripotent stem cells
Term
In cattle, the incidence of abnormal offspring syndrome can reach 65%. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Issues with nuclear transfer offspring can include:
Definition
a. excessively large size
b. abnormalities in placental development
(a and b)
Term
Requirements for producing a nuclear transfer zygote include:
Definition
an enucleated oocyte

Specifically:
Mature enucleated oocyte (MII)
Donor Cell with nucleus
Electricity to fuse
Culture to blastocyst stage
Recipient female
Term
Inter-species cloning between humans and animals is permitted in some European nations. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Inter-species cloning between humans and animals cannot be legally performed in the United States. T/F?
Definition
False
Term
Inter-species cloned animals have mitochondria from the donor cell cytoplasm. T/F?
Definition
False
Term
Inter-species NT was first accomplished in the 1970s. T/F?
Definition
False
Term
Donor sources for nuclear transfer can include:
Definition
a. blastomeres
b. ES cells
c. somatic cells
(a-c, All of the above)
Term
Cloning is useful for:
Definition
a. progation of transgenic animals
c. creation of genetically identical individuals
(a and c)
Term
Repeated cloning of a cloned animal can be successfully accomplished.
Definition
True

(up to 5 generations)
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sheep is _____ of gestation.
Definition
day 13-14
Term
In mares, pregnancy recognition likely involves
Definition
a. secretion of PGs by the conceptus
b. trans-uterine migration
c. secretion of estrogen and proteins
(a-c, all of the above)
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the pig is _____ of gestation.
Definition
days 11-16
Term
The embryonic luteotropin in primates binds to ____ receptors in the CL.
Definition
LH
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow is _____ of gestation.
Definition
day 15-16
Term
The embryonic signal for pregnancy recognition in primates is produced by
Definition
the trophoblast
Term
In sheep and cattle the embryonic signal for MRP is:
Definition
interferon tau
Term
Species that utilize luteotropic mechanisms for pregnancy recognition include
Definition
a. rats
b. primates
(Both a & b)
Term
The embryonic product responsible for maternal recognition in primates:
Definition
a. chorioallantoic gonadotropin
b. placental gonadotropin
c. amnionic gonadotropin
(NOT a-c, none of the above)

Answer is Chorionic Gonadotropin
Term
Anti-luteolytic pregnancy recognition mechanisms involve passive extension of the CL lifespan. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
The embryonic luteotropin in primates binds to ___ receptors in the CL
Definition
LH receptors - The embryonic leuteotropin in primates is CG (in humans hCG)
Term
The CL is required for pregnancy maintenance for a periods of ___ in cattle
Definition
8-8.5 months
Term
The agent responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine is..
Definition
Estrogen
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare is ___ of gestation
Definition
days 11-17
Term
The CL is required for pregnancy maintenance for a period of ____ in the human
Definition
5-7 weeks
Term
In mares, pregnancy recognition likely involves...
Definition
All of the above: secretion of PGs by the conceptus, trans-uterine migration and secretion of estrogen and proteins
Term
A precursor of PGF synthesis in the uterine endometrium is..
Definition
DAG
Term
The CL is required for pregnancy maintenance for a period of ____ in the sheep
Definition
50 days
Term
In the rat, extension of progesterone production beyond mid-gestation for support of pregnancy occurs as a result of the action of...
Definition
Rat placental lactogen
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow is ____ of gestation
Definition
Day 15-16
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the pig is ____ of gestation
Definition
Day 11-16
Term
The period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sheep is ____ of gestation
Definition
Day 13-14
Term
The CL is required for pregnancy maintenance for a period of ____ in the rat
Definition
11 days
Term
The CL is required for pregnancy maintenance for a period of ____ in the pig
Definition
114 days
Term
The CL is required for pregnancy maintenance for a period of ____ in the mare
Definition
40-50 days for the primary CL, until about 150 days for the secondary CL. After 150 days the placenta takes over
Term
What type of avian follicle secretes progesterone to stimulate ovulation?
Definition
Granulosa cells of F1 follicle
Term
What type(s) of avian follicle secrete androgens as a precursor for estrogen secretion?
Definition
Theca cells of F2-F4 follicles
Term
What type(s) of avian follicle secrete estrogen to increase vitellogenesis?
Definition
F5, LW, SW
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