Term
| What was the original 'basic biological doctrine' that described oocyte production? What challenges this? |
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Definition
during the life of an individual there cannot be any increase in the number of primary oocytes beyond those laid down when the ovary was formed
discovery that ovaries of mice contain mitotically active stem cells |
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Term
| What is necessary for ovulation to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormonal changes happen prior to ovulation? |
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Definition
LH surge up to 10X
FSH surge up to 3X |
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Term
| What does LH do for ovulation |
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Definition
| converts granulosa & theca cells to progesterone-producing cells |
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Term
| How long can sperm survive in the female repro tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| When can fertilization occur? |
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Definition
| -if intercourse takes place up to 3 days before ovulation, up to a max of 1 day after |
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Term
| How long does the secondary oocyte survive post-ovulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of sperm? |
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Definition
Head (acrosome & nucleus)
Mid piece (mitochondria)
Tail/flagellum |
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Term
| Are fluids from the seminal vesicles alkaline or acidic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Spermatozoa mix with fluid from the ______ and ______ to form ejaculate |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does fertilization usually occur? How many sperm reach this point? |
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Definition
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Term
| What barriers must sperm penetrate to fertilize an egg? (2) |
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Definition
corona radiata (outer layer of granuosa cells)
&
zona pellucida (protective glycoprotein coat) |
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Term
True or False
Mammals rely on electrical polyspermy to prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing an egg |
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Definition
false
a chemical barrier is secreted to prevent polyspermy |
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Term
| How many days does it take the blastocyst to reach the uterus, from the time of ovulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of fertilization & egg transport |
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Definition
1. Secondary oocyte is released
2. Fertilization occurs, zygote formed
3. Zygote moves down oviduct, dividing cells 2-4-8-16
4. Morula is formed (12-16 cells)
5. Blastocyst (100 cells or so) reached uterus
6. Blastocyst implants in uterus |
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Term
| The blastocyst's outer cell mass will become... |
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Definition
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Term
| The blastocyst's inner cell mass will become... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between dizygotic, monozygotic and conjoined twines? |
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Definition
dizygotic: two separate oocytes fertilized at same time
monozygotic: two individuals from one fertilized oocyte that split
conjoined: monozygotic twins which didn't fully separate |
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Term
| Implantation is also known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the blastocyst implant? |
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Definition
| trophoblast cells (outer layer) produce enzymes to 'eat' its way into the endometrium |
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Term
| 75% of pregnancies are lost due to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does hCG come from and what does it do? |
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Definition
from the blastocyst
maintains the corpus luteum, to make progesterone until the placenta can take over |
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Term
| What is an ectopic pregnancy? |
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Definition
| When implantation occur somewhere other than the posterior wall of the uterine cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| when implantation occurs close to the cervix, the placenta blocks part of the uterine opening inhibiting delivery |
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Term
Why is the corpus luteum needed to
synthesize progesterone? |
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Definition
i. Progesterone to keep the endometrium intact
ii. Progesterone, estrogen, inhibin: feedback suppression to pituitary |
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Term
| Why is the placenta required for pregnancy? |
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Definition
| it acts as the digestive, respiratory & renal systems for the fetus (exchange of nutrients, gases and waste) |
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Term
| what controls vascular development between the mother and embryo? |
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Definition
| placental a2-adrenoreceptors |
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Term
True or False
the placenta is an endocrine gland |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones does the placenta secrete? what does each do? (5) |
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Definition
hCG
-maintains CL
estrogen
-for uterine myometrium & breast duct development
progesterone
-suppresses uterine contractions, produces cervical plug & milk glands
PTHrP
-mobilizes mother's bone calcium
CRH
-promotes fetal lung maturation |
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Term
| How does the 'abortion pill' work? |
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Definition
| -blocks uterine progesterone receptors, stimulating uterine contractions & sloughing of endometrium |
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Term
| Does parturition rely on a positive or negative feedback loop? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Step 1 of parturition, in regards to hormonal control? |
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Definition
Fetal adrenal gland secretes
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and
cortisol upon stimulation by CRH and ACTH |
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Term
| What is Step 2 of parturition, in regards to hormonal control? |
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Definition
Cortisol stimulates the placenta to secrete
CRH, producing a positive feedback loop |
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Term
| What is Step 3 of parturition, in regards to hormonal control? |
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Definition
3. DHEAS is converted by the placenta into
estriol, which together with prostaglandins
and oxytoxin, stimulate the myometrium of
the mother’s uterus to undergo changes
leading to labor. |
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