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Repro 3
pregnancy
34
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
11/03/2015

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Term
What was the original 'basic biological doctrine' that described oocyte production? What challenges this?
Definition
during the life of an individual there cannot be any increase in the number of primary oocytes beyond those laid down when the ovary was formed

discovery that ovaries of mice contain mitotically active stem cells
Term
What is necessary for ovulation to occur?
Definition
LH surge
Term
What hormonal changes happen prior to ovulation?
Definition
LH surge up to 10X
FSH surge up to 3X
Term
What does LH do for ovulation
Definition
converts granulosa & theca cells to progesterone-producing cells
Term
How long can sperm survive in the female repro tract?
Definition
3 days
Term
When can fertilization occur?
Definition
-if intercourse takes place up to 3 days before ovulation, up to a max of 1 day after
Term
How long does the secondary oocyte survive post-ovulation?
Definition
12 hours
Term
What are the components of sperm?
Definition
Head (acrosome & nucleus)
Mid piece (mitochondria)
Tail/flagellum
Term
Are fluids from the seminal vesicles alkaline or acidic?
Definition
slightly alkaline
Term
Spermatozoa mix with fluid from the ______ and ______ to form ejaculate
Definition
seminal vesicles
prostate
Term
Where does fertilization usually occur? How many sperm reach this point?
Definition
fallopian tubes
100
Term
What barriers must sperm penetrate to fertilize an egg? (2)
Definition
corona radiata (outer layer of granuosa cells)

&

zona pellucida (protective glycoprotein coat)
Term
True or False

Mammals rely on electrical polyspermy to prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing an egg
Definition
false

a chemical barrier is secreted to prevent polyspermy
Term
How many days does it take the blastocyst to reach the uterus, from the time of ovulation?
Definition
4-5
Term
Describe the process of fertilization & egg transport
Definition
1. Secondary oocyte is released
2. Fertilization occurs, zygote formed
3. Zygote moves down oviduct, dividing cells 2-4-8-16
4. Morula is formed (12-16 cells)
5. Blastocyst (100 cells or so) reached uterus
6. Blastocyst implants in uterus
Term
The blastocyst's outer cell mass will become...
Definition
the placenta
Term
The blastocyst's inner cell mass will become...
Definition
the embryo
Term
What is the difference between dizygotic, monozygotic and conjoined twines?
Definition
dizygotic: two separate oocytes fertilized at same time

monozygotic: two individuals from one fertilized oocyte that split

conjoined: monozygotic twins which didn't fully separate
Term
Implantation is also known as...
Definition
nidation
Term
How does the blastocyst implant?
Definition
trophoblast cells (outer layer) produce enzymes to 'eat' its way into the endometrium
Term
75% of pregnancies are lost due to:
Definition
failure of implantation
Term
Where does hCG come from and what does it do?
Definition
from the blastocyst

maintains the corpus luteum, to make progesterone until the placenta can take over
Term
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Definition
When implantation occur somewhere other than the posterior wall of the uterine cavity
Term
What is placenta previa?
Definition
when implantation occurs close to the cervix, the placenta blocks part of the uterine opening inhibiting delivery
Term
Why is the corpus luteum needed to
synthesize progesterone?
Definition
i. Progesterone to keep the endometrium intact

ii. Progesterone, estrogen, inhibin: feedback suppression to pituitary
Term
Why is the placenta required for pregnancy?
Definition
it acts as the digestive, respiratory & renal systems for the fetus (exchange of nutrients, gases and waste)
Term
what controls vascular development between the mother and embryo?
Definition
placental a2-adrenoreceptors
Term
True or False

the placenta is an endocrine gland
Definition
true
Term
What hormones does the placenta secrete? what does each do? (5)
Definition
hCG
-maintains CL

estrogen
-for uterine myometrium & breast duct development

progesterone
-suppresses uterine contractions, produces cervical plug & milk glands

PTHrP
-mobilizes mother's bone calcium

CRH
-promotes fetal lung maturation
Term
How does the 'abortion pill' work?
Definition
-blocks uterine progesterone receptors, stimulating uterine contractions & sloughing of endometrium
Term
Does parturition rely on a positive or negative feedback loop?
Definition
positive
Term
What is Step 1 of parturition, in regards to hormonal control?
Definition
Fetal adrenal gland secretes
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and
cortisol upon stimulation by CRH and ACTH
Term
What is Step 2 of parturition, in regards to hormonal control?
Definition
Cortisol stimulates the placenta to secrete
CRH, producing a positive feedback loop
Term
What is Step 3 of parturition, in regards to hormonal control?
Definition
3. DHEAS is converted by the placenta into
estriol, which together with prostaglandins
and oxytoxin, stimulate the myometrium of
the mother’s uterus to undergo changes
leading to labor.
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