Term
| three processes of making urine |
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Definition
filtration: passive and relatively non selective (size based)
reabsorbtion: passive or active, and secretion: active process |
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Term
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Definition
| fliters the blood, produces 180L of filtrate/day (47 gallons), constantly running this blood through the kidneys over and over again |
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Term
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Definition
| high ~1mil nephrons, capillary balls |
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Term
| glomerules membrane permeability |
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Definition
| is high, capillaries 1000x more porous then normal caps, lots of small holes, leakey |
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Term
| glomerules filtartion pressure |
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Definition
| hydrostatic-osmotic, leaves hydrostatic pressure, returns osmotic pressure, osmotic and hydrostatic are usually equal so you must raise hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| glomeruler capillary blood pressure |
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Definition
| relatively high compared to other capillaries, and can tolerate high pressures |
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Term
| glomeruler filtration rate |
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Definition
| to raise it change filtration pressure, risk if BP decreases filtration pressure decreases so body must make adjustments to get rid of waste body wants to conserve to conserve h20 but glomeruler must make adjustments to secrere waste |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of solutes in a liquid, reg: 300 mmOS (in afferent arteriole( death/severe dehydarion: 345, so VERY sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| almost all solutes but not protien go into glomerules, so becomes a protein free plasma, reg osm of glomerules is the same as affarent arteriole, requires min energy |
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Term
| proximal conveluted tubule |
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Definition
| reduce filtarte vol by 65%, reabsorbs mass majority (90%) of solutes we want to keep, semi permeable membrane |
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Term
| diffusion in proximal conveluted tubule |
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Definition
| 1) actively reasbsorbs sodium, decrease osmolarity as a result of losing sodium, high flow of Na into pentubular capillaries, creating a pressure gradient and already has a semipermeable membrane, osmotic gradient 2) passive diffusion of water (osmosis) as water comes in filtrate becomes more concentrated solutes decrease solutes outside of nephron 3) passive diffusion of all solutes 4) secondary active transport symporters 5) secretion of urea and other wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| dont want to get rid of glucose, amino acids, vitamins, saved with pump and gradients |
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Term
| descending limb of of loop of henle |
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Definition
| water permeable only (passive), as we descend osmolarity in limb increases |
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Term
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Definition
| impremeable to water, not active transport, decrease osmolarity as we ascent, pumping sodium but h20 cant come in |
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Term
| capillaries (below ascending limb) |
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Definition
| deeper into medulla = increase in osmolarity, very tolerant of high osmolarity (deeper into kidney) shares Na+ with all cells around it |
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Term
| capillaries below descending limb |
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Definition
| change in osmolarity in the medulla is corrected here by adding h20 done by differential permability |
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Term
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Definition
| is not to concentrate urine but to allow 15% reabsorbtion of H20 and Na+ and created by a osmotic gradient in medulla, and increased osmolarity with increased depth |
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Term
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Definition
| finishes processing urine but still very dilute, modifing solutes- make sure we have all our wastes and excess, not hormone based- active transport mechanisms, not plasma like anymore urine |
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Term
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Definition
| makes decsions based on hormones w/o hormone influence collecting duct is impermeable to water, your going to get rid of lots of fluid w/o hormone influence |
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Term
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Definition
| in most cases h2o is not in excess so you want to keep water, concentrating urine, so use ADH which creates permeablity |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted from post pit. peptide hormone reduces urination by opening h20 channels in collecting duct and some in DCT, and opens water chanels strictly allowing water to go through, NOT pumps just open channels, osmolarity increases as it descends CD, released in response to increase in plasma osmolarity or dehydration |
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Term
| aldosterone in the collecting duct |
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Definition
| steroid, adrenal cortex, released in response to 1) low blood volume 2) low BP (dehydration) works with ADH to increase response 1) turns on Na+ in collecting duct to reabsorb sodium, increasing osmolarity in capillaries forcing more reabsorption of H20,decreasing yrine output, saving Na+ directlyand h2o indirectly |
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Term
| obligitory h20 reabsorptionj |
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Definition
| sabes most of the h2o, must do, 160L/day |
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Term
| facultated h20 reabsorption |
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Definition
| optional decides how much h20 you need to save additionally, 10-20L/day |
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Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Definition
| from atrium, peptide, released when BP or BV is high (over hydrated) increase Na+ in urine by turning of Na+ pumps in collecting duct |
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Term
| renin angiotensin mechanism |
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Definition
| cells on affarent arterioles sense pressure (decreased BP they release renin enzyme), liver regularly releases a prehormone called angiotensinogen (precursor) (circulates in blood constantly doing nothing), |
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Term
| angiotensinogen --> Angiotensin I |
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Definition
| angiotensin I has no activity, an enxyme that converts angiotensinogen I --> II |
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Term
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Definition
| this enxyme is primarily located in pulmpnary capillaries (II is active) also very potent vasoconstrictor, affarent arterop;es on the kidney do not have receptorts for AGII, doesnt respond to it |
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Term
| challenges of the digestive system |
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Definition
| nutrients are in the enviornment, need to get them into the blood, energy in the enviornment is typically in complex form |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) procure/ingestion 2) chemical digestion 3) mechanical digestion 4) propulsion 5) absorption 6) defecation |
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Term
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Definition
| outside the body, ingested food is contanimated by toxins, chemical digestion is not compatiable w/ cell survival, want it o be as isolated from cells as possible, protecting digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| want it ot be moist to directly interact w/ lumen, no friction, secretion of muscous, enzymes, hormones, some tissue absorption of nutrients, protection against infection (MALT, thin smooth layer |
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Term
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Definition
| elastic- stretches when food goes through, structural, provides shape, contains blood vessels glands ducts exocrine and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| progressional movement to move food, churning-mixing, sementation- mixing, sphincters regulating movemenbt and timing, assembly line controls rate food passes through |
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Term
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Definition
| teeth, lips, tounge, salviary glands, uvula, epiglottis, |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical digestion, chews, procurment or ingestion |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscles, ingestion, seal oral cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| positions food to the teeth, tase buds,mixing food, glandular secretion initiates swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete saliva, has amalayse chemical digestion in polysacharides (long cho) moistens food to ease swallowing and mixing, antibacterial component dissole food molecules- taste |
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Term
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Definition
| dangling thing, from roof of the mouth, makes sure food doesnt go up in nasal sinuses, direct food when swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| opens and closes during swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| intersection of air and food |
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Term
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Definition
| transport food from mouth --> stomach, skelteal muscle on lower part, muscous secreting glands, lubricated walls |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical digestion-protease, mechanical digestion churning, storage allow you to take in large amouths of food, large muscular sac, rugae folds in the stomach wall allow increase in volume with limited stretching |
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Term
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Definition
| mucus- protection- cells from protease live 3-6 days, hydrochloric acid- HCL involved in protein digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive preprotease, secreted into lumen, cells cant produce protease and protease = suicide, once in lumen protease can be activated, pepsin activated by HCL coptimally works in low ph high acidity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide --amalayse->oligosaccharide (intermediate length) --alpha dextriase-> disacchride (sucrose, lactose, maltose) --disaccharidase-> monosaccharide (simple sugar) |
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Term
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Definition
| polypeptides --pepsin-> oligopeptides --> amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| triglycerides -- bile salt emulsification and lipase -> 3 fatty acids + glycerine |
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Term
| sphincters associated w/ stomach |
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Definition
| gastroesophogeal sphincter, pyloric sphicter- regulates rate of ingesta entering s.i and rate that you add water, must be able to inactivate HCL |
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Term
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Definition
| ~20 ft long, sledner small dia, function absorb nutrients, absorb water (95%)finalize chemical digestion, mix and propel food with chyme by segmentation and perisatalisis |
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Term
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Definition
| turbulance is good- aids mixing, villi- fingerlike projections increase surface area, microvilli- fingers on fingers increase surface area, surface area = 250 m2 |
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Term
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Definition
| duodenum (recieveing section, chyme materials from accessory organs), jejunum (bulk of digestion and absorbtion, finalize digestion and absorb nutrients, ileum (pulls in h20 and absorbs h20) |
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Term
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Definition
| just below diaphragm (large) waste processing plant, exocrine orgain creates secretable fluid that aids in digestion (bile), |
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Term
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Definition
| stored in gall bladder, secreted into duodenum, contains bile salts which aids in mechanical digestion and fat emulsifers which take large food globales and turn them into fat droples, facilitates fat and cholesterol digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| need for steroids, forming mucelles in fatty acid 'packets' helps solubilize cholesterole, gall stones are build of cholesterol that contain waste |
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Term
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Definition
| billiruibin --> stercobillin --> eliminated (brown of poo) |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreatic juice, water jelps mechanical digestion and propulsion bicarbonate neutralizes the HCL, enzymes: amylase (salviary and pancreastic) preproteeases digest food and lipase |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that produce brush border enzymes alpha dextriase breaks down alpha dextrin, disaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| sections maindly do the same thing: asceding (food up) transverse (food to side) descending (food down). storage of nondigestable materials, hard to keep sterole, nonpathogenic bacteria |
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Term
| functions of large intestine |
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Definition
| absorbs bitamins produced by bacter, absorb water depending on hydration, also has mucous gland for lubrication and prtoection from bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| internal anal sphincter, involuntary muscle, external anal sphicter voluntary end of digestive tract |
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Term
| absorption in the small intestine |
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Definition
| high permeability btwn caps and s.i, low permeability betwen lumen and S.I, glucose is hydrophic active trasport, amino acid hydrophilic active transport then diffusion into caps, fatty acids lipophilic, micelles packes of fat transported into cells, si cell conversts fatty acid to triglycerides |
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Term
| regulation of digestive system |
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Definition
| 1) cephic stage (inital turning on due to anticipation of eating)2) enters mouth 3)gastric phase (distenstion of stomach increase secretions in stomach) 4) duodenum (rapid food entering smallo intestine amount of food has inhibiotry effects wasnt to slow down stomach) |
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Term
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Definition
| cholecystokinin release stimulated by fatt chyme contract gall nladder relac patopancreatic sphincter, increase pancrease to release a lipase rich pancreatic juice |
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Term
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Definition
| realsed in response to acid |
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Term
| glucose regulation in the liver |
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Definition
| glucise exess --> glycogen, quickly accessile storage of glucose, limited storage |
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Term
| glucose regulation and pancrease |
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Definition
| as an endocrine, mostly made on cluysters of cells called (?), also have small gatherings of cells called islets og langerhands, endocrine cells alpha (glucagon) and beta (insulins) |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide hormone, release is stimulated by low blood glucose, is very potent at increasing blood glucose, main target organ is the liver 1) glycogenisis is gylycagon breakdown, increase synthesis of glucose from AA anf glycerol in fats 3) increase realease of glucocerin blood |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide hormone, release stimulated by high blood glucose levels, very potent at low blood glucose levels 1) increase glycogen prodcutions 2) increase glucose --> fats 3) increase protein synthesis 4) increase glyucose uptake by muscle most sell requires insulin to take up glucose except brain liver and kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate insulin activity decrease in insulin production and receotir resoinsiveness, muscles cannot take up glucose, increase in glucose production, increase plasma osmolarity, decrease water rebsorption in collecting pH ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| hephatic artery provides O2/nutrients hephatic vein- take blood from liver to heart, hephatic portal bein- connects intestinal capillaries to the liver, deals with high glucose |
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Term
| steps of the reproductive system |
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Definition
| 1) produce genetic material (gametes) 2) combine gametes- fertilization 3) nourish or support offspring 4) deliver offspring to enviornment 5) further support of development parental care) |
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Term
| reproductive system delayed from birth |
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Definition
| 1) no large enough to maintain a detus (structurally impossible) 2) high energy demand growth is also demanding 3) it can be non essential to survival of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| function: 1) produce testosterone 2) produce sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit for sperm production, sustentacular sertoli cells from tubule spermatogonia stem cell producing sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| produce testosterone dont need to be near tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| sac of skin, keep testes out of body, decrease testis temp ~3 degrees below core |
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Term
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Definition
| connects testis to body artery/vein/ nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| pampiniform plexus network, counter current bloodflow that supplies heat exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| long coiled tube connected to the testis revieves imature sperm, non mobile, takes about 20 days for sperm to maturestored for several months, phagocitized if not sused during ejaculation your smooth muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| produce 60% of semen volume fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prosaglanis hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiataia are expelled, remining granulosa and thecal cells 'reorganize' and for the corpus luteum involved in hormone production and pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| support developing fetus, contract during childbirth, has several layers perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| inner most glandular mucosa layer, doing secreting and interacts with lumen or fetus, basal layer- bottom, functional layer interacts w/fetus for glandular and blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
| collects ovulated ovum- infundibulum funnel shaped end and it has diliate fimbrin surrounds ovaries prior to ovulation, where fertilization occurs, transport ovum (ferilized zygote) to the uterus- peristlsis- smooth muscle cillia mucous glands that provide moisture and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| neck, secretes thick mucous plug and protects uterus from bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| connects cervix to outer world, semen is recieved passageway for infant at birth secretes glycogen, hard time creating infection slightly acidic some bacteria (resident) |
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Term
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Definition
| timing limit oocyte is viable fro 12-24 hrs after ovulation sperm is viable for 1-3 days number of sperm millions deposited only 1 fertalizes |
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Term
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Definition
| contains digestin enzymes so sperm cant carry much but does carry dna |
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Term
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Definition
| activation of process to weaken acrosomal membrane, process takes 6 hours seminal vesicles secrete activating enzymes into the semen |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 cell groups trophoblast- outer ring of cells and a big cluster of inner cells taht will become fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| blastocyst impants on functional layer of endmetrium, trophoblast cells start proliferating and grow into functional cells giving nutrients and increasing surface area |
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Term
| pregnancys effect on cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| requires increase in delivery of nutrients and oxygen, results in increase in BV,BP,hydrostaticpressure, and edema |
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Term
| pregnancies effect on respiratory system |
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Definition
| increase in O2, ventilation, and decrease in vital capactiy |
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Term
| renal system and pregnancy |
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Definition
| increase urine production decrease storage capacity increase urination frequency |
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Term
| digestive system and pregnancy |
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Definition
| increase food/energy decrease stomach storage capcity= smart frequent meals, increase heart burn, decrease in intestinal mobility --> constipation |
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