Term
|
Definition
| a build up of nitrogenous wastes |
|
|
Term
| what are nitrogenous wastes? |
|
Definition
| urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a build up of wastes that aren't excreted and a reduced electrolyes and fluid balance |
|
|
Term
| what causes acute renal failure? |
|
Definition
| decrease in blood flow, ischemia, toxic, obstruction, injury that causes obstruction |
|
|
Term
| how can renal failure be catagorized? |
|
Definition
| prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal |
|
|
Term
| what are the msot common cases of renal failure? |
|
Definition
| those that are prerenal and intrinsic |
|
|
Term
| can acute renal falure be reversed? |
|
Definition
| yes! only if the cells haven't died yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what things canc ause prerenal failure? |
|
Definition
| hemorrage, impaired perfussion, sepsis, anaphylaxis, heart failure |
|
|
Term
| what are the elderly populations msot as risk for? |
|
Definition
| prerenal failure due to hypovolemia and renal vascular disorders. |
|
|
Term
| what effects do prostaglandins have on the renal blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much blood do the kidenys recieve from the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does the kidney require a lot of blood? |
|
Definition
| to remove metabolic wastes and regulate body fluids and electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| as the renal blood flow is reduced what happens? |
|
Definition
| the GFR, electrolytes, energy dependent mechanisms are all reduced |
|
|
Term
| what is most susceptable to ischemic injury? |
|
Definition
| the tubular epitheleal cells |
|
|
Term
| as the GFR and urine approach zero what happens? |
|
Definition
| the oxygen is just enough to kee the renal tubules alive. if lower than ischemia kicks in |
|
|
Term
| prolonged renal hypoperfusion can lead to...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prerenal failure is manifested by? |
|
Definition
| decrease in urine output, disproportion between blood urea nitrogen and creatinine |
|
|
Term
| how does the body respond to a decrease in GFR? |
|
Definition
| it will have a decrease in urine output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more time for small particles such as urea to be absorbed into blood. |
|
|
Term
| post renal failure results from? |
|
Definition
| obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common underlying problem with postrenal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many ureters must be locked for postrenal failure? |
|
Definition
| both! it's fairly uncommon |
|
|
Term
| why do we get intrinsic renal failure? |
|
Definition
| results from conditions that cause dmage to the structures within the kidney |
|
|
Term
| what are the structures of the kidney that can have instrinsic renal failure? |
|
Definition
| glomerular, tubular, or interstitial |
|
|
Term
| what can cause intrinsic renal failure? |
|
Definition
| prerenal failure that resulted in ischemia and therefore damage to the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the detruction of the tubular epitheleal cells with supression of renal function |
|
|
Term
| what are tubular epitheleal cells particularly sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is common in patients with? |
|
Definition
| hypovolemia, major surgery, sepsis, trauma, or burns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemia by vasodilation, the generation of toxins, decreased perfussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: with ATN the GFR does not improve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do toxins affect the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATN due to obstruction will have what contents? |
|
Definition
| myglobin, hemoblogin, uric acid, ecess uric acid in the urine |
|
|
Term
| t or f: myoglobin is normally not found in the urine? |
|
Definition
| true! if it does there is muscle trauma |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 phases of ATN? |
|
Definition
| onset, maintenance, and recovery phase |
|
|
Term
| the maintenance phase is characterized by...? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in GFR and a marked increase in urea, potassium, and creatinine. little urine |
|
|
Term
| if oliguria is prolonged what will happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what level does hyperkalemia symptoms usually crop up at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it can inhibite sodium reabsorption therefore decreasing the nephron work load |
|
|
Term
| what is one of the earliest manifestations of tubular damage? |
|
Definition
| the inability to concentrate urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it maintains the blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| th kidneys help maintain the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what else do the kidneys do? |
|
Definition
| make erythropoiten. maintain the fluid electrolytes balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too much potassium. too much will cause cardiac problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
|
Definition
| looks at protein synthesis. unrelated to nephron damage. a high protein diet can elevate the levels. |
|
|
Term
| serum creatine gives us a clue about? |
|
Definition
| glomerular filtration rate, whcih helps us figure out the functionability of nephrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consequence of renal failure, fluid volume excess, electrolyre imbalance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased serum urea level and increased creatinine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no urin output (less than 100 cc in a day) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less than 75 percent of nephrons destroyed |
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