Term
Diagnostic Testing:
Creatinine
Glomerular Filtration Rate [GFR]
Blood Urea Nitrogen [BUN]
Urinalysis [U/A] |
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Definition
Creatinine: increase occurs when at least 50% of renal function is lost
GFR: estimates how much blood passes through the tiny filters int he kidneys each minute
BUN: levels indicate the extent of renal clearance of urea nitrogenous waste products - increase occurs from dehydration, high protein diet, infection, stress, corticosteroid use, GI bleed, & factors that cause muscle breakdown
U/A: evaluate rental system & renal disease |
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Term
Diagnostic Testing:
Urine Culture & Sensitivity
Urine Specific Gravity
Creatinine Clearance |
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Definition
C&S: determines presence of microorganisms (culture) & appropriate antibiotic treatment (sensitivity)
Specific Gravity: ability of kidneys to concentrate urine - decrease may indicate renal disease
Creatinine Clearance: determines how well kidneys excrete creatinine - 24hour urine collection and serum creatinine collection (est. GFR) used to measure |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Lower vs Upper |
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Definition
Lower: urethritis, cystitis (most common), prostatitis
Upper: pyelonephritis (kidney) - usually begins in lower urinary tract, b/c UTI is an "ascending" infection
*Site of infection & specific type of bacteria determine treatment* |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Cystitis |
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Definition
Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder
-Most common UTI
-Most commonly attributed to E.Coli bacteria
-Can lead to pyelonephritis &/or sepsis |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Acute Pyelo vs Chronic Pyelo |
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Definition
Acute pyelonephritis is an active upper tract infection
Chronic pyelonephritis occurs as a result of repeated infections |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Risk Factors |
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Definition
Obstruction
Stones
Vesicoureteral Reflux
DM
Female gender (based on anatomy)...skin & mucous membrane changes due to lack of estrogen
Male gender (older age - prostate disease
Recent use of antibiotics...Candida (fungal infection)can cause cystitis due to long term antibiotic therapy & resulting changes in normal protective flora |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Urosepsis |
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Definition
| Spread of infection from urinary tract to bloodstream |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Manifestations |
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Definition
| Frequency, urgency, dysuria (difficulty), fever, N/V, fatigue, cloudy foul-smelling & blood-tinged urine, AMS (altered mental status, older adults), CVAT (costovertebral angle tenderness) |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Nursing Prevention for Hospitals & General Public |
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Definition
Hospital: indwelling urinary catheter (sterile technique), perineal catheter care, remove cath as soon as possible
General Public: encourage minimal or greater fluid intake of 3L (unless contraindicated), encourage H2O, urinary every 3-4 hours, daily perineal and urethral hygiene (wipe front to back) urinate after sex & keep perineum clean & dry |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Lab Assessments - U/A, Urine Culture and Serum WBC |
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Definition
U/A: leukocyte esterase (infection), nitrates (bacteria)... U/A microscopic exam: WBCs (3+ = infection), RBCs & bacteria
Culture: expensive, results can take 48hrs, indicated when UTI is "complicated"(ie.does not respond to usual therapy or diagnosis is uncertain) |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Diagnositc Assessment |
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Definition
History, physical exam, lab data
Ultrasound or CT for obstruction or stone
VCUG "voiding cystourethrogram" uses fluro to watch a person's urethra and bladder while urinating, visualizes ureteral reflux |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Nonsurgical Management |
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Definition
Medication: antibiotics, antiseptics, analgesics(promote comfort), antispasmodics(decrease bladder spasm & promote bladder emptying)
*Antibiotics: 3 day course, or possible 1 day dose... long course of 7-21 days for hospitalized patients, pregnant, indwelling catheters, stones, DM or immunosuppressed
Nutrition: H2O, cranberry juice (alkalotic urine = promotes bacterial growth)
Warm Sitz bath |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Surgical Management |
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Definition
Removal of obstruction or repair of vesicoureteral reflux
Cystoscopy: recurrent UTIs or interstitial cystitis (U/A will show WBCs & RBCs but NO bacteria), used to remove calculi or obstructions |
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Term
Urinary Tract Infections:
Education |
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Definition
Prevention information
Completion of medication therapy, esp. antibiotics
Sensitive discussions abotu UTIs after sex |
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Term
Urethral Stricture:
Definition, causes, complications & surgical resolution |
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Definition
Urethral Stricture: narrowed area of the urethra
Causes: complications of an STD, trauma during childbirth, catheterization, or urologic procedures
May lead to overflow incontinence, & urinary retention, which can lead to recurrent UTIs
Urethroplasty: surgical removal of teh affected area |
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Term
Stress Incontinence:
General Info |
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Definition
Loss of small amounts of urine while coughing, lifting, sneezing or exercising... Most common type of urinary incontinence.
Common after childbirth and postmenopausal because low estrogen levels lead to thin/weak vaginal, urethral and pelvic floor muscles. |
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Term
Stress Incontinence:
Nonsurgical Management |
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Definition
Pelvic Floor Exercises: Kegel exercises to strengthen muscles(improvement may take several months) & Vaginal Cone Therapy(weights) along w/pelvic muscle exercises
Nutrition: weight reduction, avoid bladder irritants(artificial sweeteners, caffeine, alcohol, citric intake, diuretics, & nicotine), adequate H20 intake
Medications: Estrogen for postmenopausal women may increase blood flow and tone of muscle, improving ability to contract muscles |
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Term
Stress Incontinence:
Surgical Management |
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Definition
Reposition the urethra & bladder
Repair cystocele - because of downward displacement of the bladder toward the vaginal orifice... can be caused by injury/strain during childbirth |
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Term
Urge Incontinence:
General Info |
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Definition
"Overactive Bladder" - inability to relax the detrusor muscle leading to a strong urge to void & often leakage of large amounts of urine
Causes: stroke & other neurological problems, urinary tract problems, irritation from concentrated urine or artificial sweeteners, caffeine, alcohol, citric intake, diuretics & nicotine. |
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Term
Urge Incontinence:
Management |
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Definition
Drug Therapy: to relax the smooth muscle and increase bladder's capacity
Nutrition: avoid foods that have a direct bladder stimulating or diuretic effect |
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Term
Urge Incontinence:
Behavioral Interventions |
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Definition
Bladder Training: scheduled voiding (increase intervals between voiding by 15-30min., the bladder gradually tolerates more volume)
Habit training: for cognitively impaired patients, void every 2 hours - goal is to toilet before incontinence occurs
Pelvic muscle exercises
Electrical stimulation: intravaginal or intrarectal devices |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixed incontinence: often stress & urge continence... More common in older women, during or after menopause |
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Term
Overflow Incontinence:
General Info |
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Definition
"Reflex Incontinence" - detrusor muscle fails to contract and the bladder becomes overdistended - bladder reaches maximum capacity and some urine must leak out to prevent bladder rupture
Causes: urethra may be obstructed(enlarged prostate, stone, stricture, tumor, genical prolapse) leading to incomplete bladder emptying or urinary retention |
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Term
Overflow Incontinence:
Treatment & Behavioral Intervention |
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Definition
Surgery to relieve obstruction or repair of genital prolapse
Intermittent catheterization, bladder decompression = most effective |
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Term
Functional Incontinence:
General Info & Treatment |
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Definition
Functional Incontinence: due to loss of cognitive function, or physical/social impairment
Treatment: habit training, intravaginal pessary(women) supports the uterus and vagina to help maintain correct position of the bladder |
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Term
Urolithiasis:
Definition, Locations & Risk Factors |
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Definition
Urolithiasis: presence of calculi(stones) in the urinary tract
Nephrolithiasis: formation of stones in the kidney
Ureterolithiasis: formation of stones in the ureter
Risk Factors: urinary stasis, retention, immobility & dehydration
*Incidence HIGHER in men* |
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Term
Urolithiasis:
Manifestations |
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Definition
Excrutiating pain(renal colic), esp. when passing into the lower tract
Hematuria, N/V, pallor & diaphoresis
Flank pain suggests the stone is in the kidney or upper ureter
Frequency & dysuria when stone reaches bladder |
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Term
Urolithiasis:
Complications |
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Definition
Hydroureter: ureter dilation, intense pain when stone is moving or causing obstruction/painful ureteral spasms, can occur if the stone occludes the ureter and blocks flow of urine
Hydronephrosis: enlargement of the kidney with urine due to a blockage in the lower tract. Oliguria(100-400mL/day) or Anuria(<100mL/day) may occur with obstruction & are an EMERGENCY - must be treated to prevent permanent kidney damage
*In a matter of hours, blood vessels and renal tubules can be damaged*
Causes: tumors, stones, trauma, urethral strictures/structural defects & fibrosis
Intervention: stone removal, Nephrostomy(urine diverted externally) if stricture cannot be corrected |
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Term
Urolithiasis:
Diagnostic Testing |
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Definition
U/A: RBCs(trauma to urothelial lining)
WBCs & bacteria if urinary stasis is present
Strain all urine & send stone to lab for analysis
KUB(kidney, ureter, bladder) & IVP(intravenous pyelography) confirm presence and location of obstruction/stones |
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Term
Urolithiasis:
Nonsurgical Management |
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Definition
Pain management: opioids, NSAIDs, spasmolytic drugs
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy(ESWL): sound, laser or dry shock waves to break the stone into small fragments... strain urine afterwards |
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Term
Urolithiasis:
Surgical Management |
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Definition
Ureteroscopy: used to place stent or remove the stone
Percutaneous or open(large impacted stone) removal of the stone
Antibiotics(before invasive procedures) to treat/prevent infection and urosepsis
>3L/day fluid intake to prevent obstruction, prevents dehydration, promotes flow of urine |
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Term
Urothelial Cancer:
General Info and Risk Factors |
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Definition
Gen. Info: malignant tumors of the lining of the transitional cells in the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra & MOST COMMONLY the bladder
Manifestations: PAINLESS intermittent gross or microscopic hematuria
Risk Factors: tobacco use and exposure to harmful environmental agents |
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Term
Urothelial Cancer:
Treatment Info |
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Definition
| Treatment Info: tumors confined to the bladder are treated with simple excision, tumors that invade the bladder muscle layer are treated with excision & intravesical chemo, tumors invading deep muscle layer are treated with radical cystectomy w/urinary diversion, chemo and radiation. |
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Term
Urothelial Cancer:
Surgical Management(after cystectomy) |
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Definition
Ileal Conduit: collects urine in a portion of the intestine, drains through a stoma & into a pouch
Continent Pouch: surgically created pouch that functions as a bladder, stoma is continent & self catheterized
Bladder Reconstruction: "neobladder"
Ureterosigmoidostomy: urine diverted to large intestine, no stoma, excretes urine with BM, bowel incontinence may result |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by penetrating or blunt injury to lower abdomen
Stabbing gunshot wound, fractured pelvis(MOST COMMON) - bladder punctured by bony fragments, sexual assault, seat belt injury(bladder full)
*EMERGENCY if anuric* |
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Term
Polycystic Kidney Disease [PUD]:
General Info |
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Definition
Inherited disorder in which fluid-filled cysts develop in the nephrons.
As the cysts fill fluid and enlarge, the nephron & kidney function become less effective
Fluid-filled cysts are at risk for infection, rupture, and bleeding
Leads to HTN |
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Term
Polycystic Kidney Disease [PUD]:
Manifestations |
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Definition
U/A: proteinuria(glomerular damage), hematuria
Dull, aching pain(occurs early) due to increased kidney size(distended abdomen, kidneys palpable)
Sharp pain, bright red or cola-colored urine(from ruptured cyst), noturia(decreased urine concentrating ability)
*LATER S/S: increasing HTN, edema, uremic problems(anorexia, N/V, fatigue, pruritis)* |
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Term
Polycystic Kidney Disease [PUD]:
Management |
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Definition
Pain: drug therapy & complimentary approaches used to resolve... Caution with NSAIDs because they reduce renal blood flow
Severe pain: cyst aspiration and drainage... antibiotics if cysts are infected
HTN/Renal Failure: 2L fluid/day to prevent dehydration(reduces renal fxn) restrict sodium intake, antihypertensives & diuretics... IF renal failure progresses limit protein intake. The renal vessels are compressed by the cysts and renal blood flow decreases, the renin-angiotensin system is activated, raising blood pressure. Early detection & management of HTN is important to slow the progression of the kidney damage.
Constipation: due to enlarged kidney pressing on the intestine... fluid, fiber & exercise = BEST WAY to fix problem! |
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Term
Pyelonephritis: (upper UTI/kidney)
General Info |
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Definition
U/A: + leukocyte esterase & nitrites, WBCs and bacteria
"Acute": active bacterial infection, usually due to obstruction, pregnancy, relux
"Chronic": may be asymptomatic, repeated or continued infection, caused by urinary tract defect, obstruction, or infected urine reflux(MOST COMMON CAUSE) from bladder to ureters
Other Causes of Both: urinary catheter, DM(reduced bladder tone), NSAIDs(papillary necrosis & reflux) |
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Term
Pyelonephritis: (Upper UTI)
Nonsurgical Management |
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Definition
Drug therapy
Nutrition - adequate calories
Fluid therapy - 2-3L/day |
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Term
Pyelonephritis: (Upper UTI)
Surgical Management |
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Definition
| Correct structural problems causing reflux or obstruction of urine outflow, or remove the source of infection |
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Term
Glomerulonephritis [GN]
General Info |
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Definition
GN: immune complex disease, NOT an infection. Glomerular injury resulting in proteinuria, hematuria, decreased GFR, edema & HTN
DM = leading cause of ESRD, HTN = #2! |
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Term
Glomerulonephritis [GN]
Acute GN |
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Definition
Infection usually precedes, usually recover quickly & completely...
Diagnotics:
U/A: proteinuria, hematuria(microscopic) serum albumin decreased b/c of protein & fluid retention causing dilution
Elevated BUN, Creatinine & decreased GFR
Diagnosed by renal biopsy |
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Term
Glomerulonephritis [GN]
Acute GN Management |
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Definition
Antibiotic therapy for infection
Diuretics/sodium & H20 restriction to treat fluid overload/edema
Medications, dialysis & plasmapheresis to treat uremia, symptoms and to remove/filter plasma/antibodies
Antihypertensives for HTN treatment |
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Term
Glomerulonephritis [GN]
Chronic GN |
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Definition
Develops over 20-30 years, unable to determine cause because kidneys are atrophied & cannot be biopsied...ALWAYS leads to ESRD(3rd leading cause!) Exact cause unknown, however, changes in the kidney tissue result from HTN, DM, infections & inflammation, or poor flow to the kidneys (nephrotoxic drugs)
Manifestations: mild proteinuria, hematuria, HTN, fatigue, decreased UOP & fluid overload |
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Term
Glomerulonephritis [GN]
Nursing Considerations/Management |
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Definition
Slow the progression & prevent complications!
Dietary (restrict fluid & sodium, but don't completely eliminate fluids 24h UOP + 500cc), medications for uremic symptoms (protein restriction)
Assess for fluid overload - periorbital edema, crackles, orthopnea, SOB, HTN |
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Term
Nephrotic Syndrome:
General Info & Cause |
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Definition
Group of symptoms - NOT a disease
Increased glomerular permeability leading to massive loss of protein in the urine, edema & decreasedplasma albumin levels
Edema "third spacing", fluid moving from intravascular space to interstitial space
Cause: MOST COMMON from immune or inflammatory process, Renal Vein Thrombosis often occurs at the same time (may be cause or effect)
*ESRD can be prevented!* |
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Term
Nephrotic Syndrome:
Treatment |
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Definition
Immunosuppressive therapy
ACE inhibitors (decrease protein loss in urine)
Dietary changes, maintain hydration (promote renal blood flow) |
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Term
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Definition
Kidney disorder in which the spaces between the kidney tubules become swollen/inflammed affecting the kidney's fxn
"Acute": secondary to medications (ie. PCN, NSAIDs)
"Chronic": many causes... analgesics, cyclosporin, PCKD, multiple myeloma, autoimmune disorders, sickle cell diseases
If drug induced, often a rush & elevated eosinophil count. Progression to ESKD unless cause is identified and removed (ie. avoid medication) |
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Term
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Definition
Degenerative - usually occur as a result from changes in kidney blood vessels
Nephrosclerosis - thickening in the nephron blood vessels, resulting in narrowing in the vessel lumen
Decreased renal blood flow, chronically hypoxic kidney tissue, ischemia & fibrosis develop over time
Occurs with all types of HTN, DM & atherosclerosis
*HTN = second leading cause of ESRD*
Nursing Consideration: control HTN & reduce albuinuria to preserve renal function (ACE inhibitors) |
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Term
| Renal Artery Stenosis [RAS] |
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Definition
Occurs from atherosclerosis or blood vessel hyperplasia
Other causes include thrombosis and renal aneurysms... renovascular disease causes ischemia & atrophy of kidney tissue. May have sudden onset of HTN. Patients often have atherosclerotic changes in the aorta & other major vessels
Diagnostic studies: evaluate blood flow - MRA, renal scan, U/S, arteriography
Interventions: Control HTN & restore renal blood flow (baloon angioplasty or bypass surgery) |
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Term
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Definition
A progressive vascular complication of type I or II diabetes - Leading cause of ESRD. 1st manifestation: persistent albuminuria, often a cause for renal biopsy
Nursing Consideration: avoid nephrotoxic drugs & dehydration if possible in diabetic patients
FYI: worsening renal failure leads to hypoglycemia b/c the kidneys metabolize & excrete insulin. With reduced renal function, insulin is available for a longer time. Patients mistakenly think that their DM is improving. |
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Term
Renal Cell Carcinoma:
General Info |
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Definition
Cancer of the lining of the renal tubules...most common renal cancer in adults(men aged 50-70 years old)
Complications: metastasis & urinary tract obstruction
Cause: unknown, increased risk with tobacco use & exposure to lead, phosphate & cadmium |
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Term
Renal Cell Carcinoma:
Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment |
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Definition
Manifestations: 5-10% have flank pain, gross hematuria(late common sign), & a palpable mass. Renal bruit may be heard. Late Findings: muscle wasting, weakness, poor nutritional status & weight loss
Diagnosis: Tumor Biopsy
Treatment: nephrectomy - Chemo & XRT usually NOT effective |
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Term
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Definition
concern with penetrating wounds or blunt injuries - most common to the back, flank or abdomen
Minor Injuries: (falls, contact sports) contusions, small lacerations, & tearing of parenchyma & calyx... may have hematuria &/or hematoma
Major Injuries: (MVC, gunshot, knife wounds) lacerations to the cortex, medulla or braches of the renal artery/vein, bleeding is extensive & surgical exploration is needed. Hemorrhage leads to decreased renal blood flow & can produce short or long term renin-induced HTN
Pedicle injuries: lacerations in the renal vein/artery... rapid & excessive
*Hemorrhage & death may occur if treatment does not happen promptly* |
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Term
Renal Trauma:
Management & Surgical Intervention |
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Definition
Management: prevent or control bleeding - blood products, clotting factors, IVF
Surgical Intervention: Nephrectomy, blood vessel repair |
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Term
Acute Renal Failure:
General Info & Causes |
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Definition
ARF - rapid decrease in kidney function, MOST COMMON causes are volume depletion or prolonged hypotension
ARF can result from:
Prerenal Failure - reduced blood flow to the kidneys, severe hypotension from hypovolemic shock, dehydration, or heart failure
Intrarenal Failure - damage to the glomeruli, interstitial tissue, or tubules...infections, nephrotoxic drugs, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, obstructed renal blood flow
Postrenal - obstruction of urine flow from kidney (cancer, stones, strictures, BPH) |
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Term
Acute Renal Failure:
Nursing Role/Management |
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Definition
PREVENTION: avoid dehydration - drink 2-3L/day
Volume Depletion - I/O, weight, decreased UOP, postural hypotension, tachycardia
Evaluate patient's status - fluid replacement
Decreased urine specific gravity - loss of urine concentrating ability(earliest sign of renal tubular damage)
Monitor BUN/Creatinine & electrolytes
Monitor nephrotoxic substance abuse
Possibly hemodialysis or Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Uremia, persistent hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, continued fluid overload, uremic pericarditis, & encephalopathy |
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Term
Acute Renal Failure:
Clinical Manifestations |
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Definition
S/S are related to build-up of nitrogenous wastes - azotemia
Prerenal: hypotension, tachycardia, decreased UOP, decreased cardiac output, decreased CVP, lethargy
Intrarenal: oliguria(<400mL), anuria(<100mL), edema, HTN, tachycardia, SOB, distended neck veins, elevated CVP, weight gain, crackles, anorexia, N/V, lethargy, LOC change, ECG changes due to hypocalcemia & hyperkalemia
Postrenal: oliguria, intermittent anuria, symptoms of uremia & lethargy
**Ask About: nephrotoxins, recent surgery or trauma(reduced renal blood flow), medication history, contrast dye/imaging procedures, DM, HTN, SLE, shock, burns, heart failure/blood volume depletion, urine color, change in amount or appearance(stones or cancer) |
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Term
Acute Renal Failure:
Lab Assessment |
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Definition
Elevated BUN/Creatinine, electrolyte imbalances, usually NOT amenia
Imaging Xrays(KUB), CT scan(NO contrast)
Renal scan(blood flow)
Cystoscopy/retrograde pyelography
Renal biopsy to determine cause
Oliguric phase: fluid & electrolytes are retained, closely monitor life-threatening electrolyte changes & nitrogen retention(nsg d/c fluid challenges & diuretics)
Nutrition: possible sodium, potassium, protein & fluid restrictions(urine volume + 500mL - insensible loss)
Diuretic phase: hypovolemia & electrolyte loss = fluid & electrolyte replacement |
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Term
Acute Renal Failure:
Standard Treatment |
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Definition
"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy"
Similar to HD, but temporary...avoids rapid shifts in fluid & electrolytes
Indications - fluid volume overload, diuretic resistance, unstable BP & cardiac output
Continuous removal of large amounts of plasma water, wastes & electrolytes
A diasylate delivery system is used to remove waste products in addition to plasma water - requiring a dialysis catheter OR double lumen venous catheter powered by a pump |
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Term
Acute Renal Failure:
CRRT Terms |
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Definition
Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration [CAVH]
Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis & filtration [CAVHD]
Continuous venovenous hemofiltration [CVVH] |
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Term
Chronic Kidney Disease:
General Info |
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Definition
Progressive & irreversible, 2 MOST COMMON causes = DM & HTN, 5 stages of CKD...glomerular filtration rate decreases with each stage(5th stage is ESRD)
GFR estimates how much blood passes through the tiny filters in the kidneys/glomeruli each minute |
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Term
Chronic Kidney Disease:
Biological Changes |
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Definition
Metabolic change: urea & creatinine excreation is disrupted, early hyponatremia/late hypernatremia, hyperkalemia(fatal dysrhythmias), metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia/hyperphosphatemia
Cardiac Changes: HTN(cause/result of CKD), hyperlipidemia, heart failure, pericarditis
Hematologic Changes: anemia(later stages)
GI Changes: uremia leads to halitosis, stomatitis, anorexia, N/V, hiccups & peptic ulcer disease |
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Term
Chronic Kidney Disease:
Genetic Risk & Health Promotion |
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Definition
Genetic Risk: AA = 4x more likely to develop ESRD & 7x more likely to have hypertensive ESRD, MORE COMMON in men, >65years of age
Health Promotion: control cause, education about meds, diet, exercise, fluids & NSAIDs |
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Term
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Definition
Removes excess fluids & wastes products & restores chemical and electrolyte imbalances
Patient's blood passes through an articial semipermeable membrane to perform the filtering and excretion functions of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| Rubber catheter is surgically placed in the abdominal cavity for infusion of dialysate. 1-2L of dialysate infused by gravity or by PD machine, the fluid stays in the cavity for a specified times, the fluid then drains by gravity or PD machine into a drain bag = 1 exchange. |
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Term
Hemodialysis:
Requirements |
|
Definition
A dialyzer/artificial kidney
Dialysate, made from clear water & chemicals, warmed to increase rate of diffusion & prevent hypothermia
AV Fistula: formed by connecting/anastomosis of an artery to a vein, usually radial or brachial artery to cephalic vein
AV Graft: made of synthetic material, used for failed fistulas or other patients, connects an artery and vein |
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Term
Renal Transplant
General Info |
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Definition
Not a cure! Requires lifetime medications, risk for rejection, infection & cancer due to immunosuppression.
Typical age range: 2-70years old
Exclusion criteria: advanced cardiac disease, cancer in the last 2-5 years, all metastatic cancer, chronic infection, alcohol or other substance abuse
Due to the shortage of organs the transplant committee evaluates each patient medically, psychosocially, & financially to increase positive outcomes
Donor Kidney is placed anteriorly - Native Kidney remains intact |
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Term
Renal Transplant
Complications |
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Definition
Rejection - MOST COMMON, leads to tissue destruction, thrombosis, & eventual kidney necrosis
ATN "acute tubular necrosis": results from hypoxic damage when there is a delay in organ recovery to transplantation
Thrombosis: occurs in major renal blood vessel usually 2-3 days after transplant, diagnosed by renal scan & requires immediate surgical repair
Infection: major cause of death & must be prevented with drug therapy, aseptic technique & hand washing |
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