Term
Regulation of arterial pressure is under _____ control and is responsible for the _____ system.
_____ also impact BP by constricting blood vessels but are under _____ control. |
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Definition
Endocrine
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Prostaglandins
Paracrine/Autocrine |
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Term
| You can breath out _____ acids (such as _____), but the kidneys must excrete _____ acids (such as _____, _____, and _____ which turns into _____). |
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Definition
Volatile
CO2
Non-Volatile
Sulfuric, Hydropheric, Phophoric Acid
Lactic Acid |
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Term
| The kidneys regulate body fluid buffers, such as _____, _____, and _____. |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Ammonia |
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Term
The kidneys excrete:
Urea, which is the result of _____;
Uric Acid, which is the result of _____;
Creatinine, which is the result of _____;
Bilirubin, which is the result of _____;
and foreign chemicals (ie. _____, _____, _____, and _____). |
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Definition
Protein metabolism
Nucleic Acid
Muscle Metabolism
Hemoglobin metabolism
Pesticides, food additives, toxins, and drugs |
|
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Term
| Three hormones that are produced by the kidneys are: |
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Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO)
1,24 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form of Vit D)
Renin |
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Term
Lower ____ excretion/conversion to the active form is related to depression and decreased Ca absorption/bone formation.
The conversion to the active form of this requires _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
After age 40, a person loses _____% of their nephrons every _____ years!
Kidneys can still do their job until _____% of nephrons are lost/damaged |
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Definition
|
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Term
_____: substances go from the renal tubules back into the blood
_____: substances go from the blood into reanl tubules (active process to get things out of the body) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| EXCRETION = _____ - ( _____ + _____ ) |
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Definition
| FILTRATION - ( REABSORPTION + SECRETION ) |
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Term
| The movement of substances from glomerular capillaries to the bowman's capsule is known as _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Reabsorption is the process when the urine goes from the _____ to the _____.
Most of the filtrate is _____ (__, __, and __); _____ is also typically reabsorbed (unless DM pt); and ____, ____, and ____ are usually poorly reabsorbed. |
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Definition
renal tubules
peri-tubular capillaries (blood)
Electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-);
Glucose
Waste products, creatinine, and urea |
|
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Term
| Filtration depends on: _____, _____, and _____. |
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Definition
| BP, Proteins in the blood, and Cosmoid pressure |
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Term
| Inflammation in the kidneys alters permeability, allowing _____ to diffuse and show up in the urine. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _____ allows for rapid elimation from the blood to the tubules. Substances that will be excreted include: _____, _____, _____, and _____. |
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Definition
Secretion
H+ ions, foreign substances, drugs, toxins |
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Term
| The normal GFR is _____ ml/min, or _____ L/day. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In a healthy kidney, the glomerular filtrate is composed of mostly _____, meaning there should be no _____ or _____ that pass into the glomerulous. |
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Definition
Plasma
Large Proteins or RBCs |
|
|
Term
The GFR is determined by:
_____ and _____ within the glomerular capillaries;
the _____ of the membrane;
and the _____ of the glomerular capillaries. |
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Definition
Hydrostatic Pressure and Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Permeability
Surface Area |
|
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Term
| The inner lining of the capillaries (the _____) have _____ in them, holes to allow for diffusion. It also has a __ charge that prevents _____ filtration. |
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Definition
(the Capillary Endothelium)
Fenestratae
negative protein |
|
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Term
| The glomerular capillary _____ pressure FAVORS glomerular filtration at __ mmHg, pushing thing out of the glomerulous, and pulling things into the capsule. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Bowman's Capsule _____ pressure FAVORS Glomerular Filtration and sits at __ mmHg.
This pulls proteins into the urine. T/F? |
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Definition
Coloid Osmotic Pressure
0 mmHg
FALSE; Proteins should not be going into the urine. |
|
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Term
| Bowman's capsule _____ pressure is __ mmHg and OPPOSES glomerular filtration, pushing things back into the glomerulous. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Glomerular Capillary _____ pressure OPPOSES glomerular filtration at __ mmHg and holds onto fluids. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Net Glomerular Filtration Pressure is __ mmHg, which means that stuff generally moves from the _____ to the _____. |
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Definition
10 mmHg
Capillaries to the Bowman's capsule |
|
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Term
What can cause an increase in bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure?
This will increase/decrease the GFR? |
|
Definition
Anything that causes urine to back up (obstruction in urinary tract/nephrons), renal stones, neoplasms, tubular necrosis (tubules die and the fluid can't move forward)
DECREASE |
|
|
Term
What leads to an increase in the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure?
This will increase/decrease the GFR? |
|
Definition
An increase in the amount of proteins or a decrease in the amount of fluids
Decrease (meaning that the glomerulus will hold onto fluids) |
|
|
Term
What is the main physiologic regulator of GFR?
What 3 things determines this? |
|
Definition
The Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
Arterial BP, Afferent arteriole resistance, efferent arteriole resistance |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when it says that the Efferent Arteriole resistance is biphasic? |
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Definition
It means that when the errernt arterioles constrict, there are 2 phases:
The first increases perfusion because of the increased pressure and the second decreases perfusion because of the lesser amount of fluid. |
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Term
| The Renal blood flow is about _____ ml/min, __% being CO2. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Macula dense is located in the _____ and responds to changes in _____. This, in turn, will _____ the afferent arteriole and _____ the efferent arteriole, both increasing/decreating the glomerular Hydrostatic pressure and increasing/decreasing the GFR? |
|
Definition
Distal Convoluted Tubule
NaCl
dilate
constrict
increasing
increasing |
|
|
Term
| The Juxtaglomerular cells are located in the __________ and are responsible for the release of _____. |
|
Definition
walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles
renin |
|
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Term
| Nitric Oxide is released from the _____ and vaso_____? |
|
Definition
endothelium lining
dilates |
|
|
Term
How do the following affect GFR?
- Fever/pyrogens
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol, steroids,...)
- Aging
- Hyperglycemia
- High Dietary Protein
- Low Dietary Protein |
|
Definition
- Increase
- Increase
- Decrease (10% per decade after 40 yoa)
- Increase
- Increase
- Decrease |
|
|
Term
___ L/day flow through the kidneys, but only about ___ L/day go out as urine.
Reabsorption happens in the _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
180
1.5
Proximal and distal tubule |
|
|
Term
Do the following ares of the nephrons have high or low water permeability?
- Proximal Tubules
- Thin descending loop of Henle
- Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
- Distal Tubules
- Collecting Ducts |
|
Definition
- High
- High
- NOT
- High
- High |
|
|
Term
| The Early Distal Tubule is/is not permeable to water? It also contains the _____ and actively reabsorbs __, __, __, and __. |
|
Definition
Is NOT
Macula dense
Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg++ |
|
|
Term
The Late Distal Tubule reabsorbs _____ and _____ and secretes _____.
Intercalated cells reabsorb _____ and secrete _____. |
|
Definition
Na and Water
Potassium (inverse relationship between Na and K)
K
H+ |
|
|
Term
| The Medullary Collecting Duct is the final "fine-tuning" - water permeability is controlled by _____ and it can secrete _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Secretion is an active form of transportation that uses ATP to move K+ and H+ ions from the blood into the renal tubular lumen.
T/F? |
|
Definition
TRUE
This encourages an increase in excretion of substances |
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|
Term
| Renal Clearance is defined as: |
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Definition
| The rate at whcih a given substance disappears from the body |
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Term
| The Micturition reflex is an _____ spinal cord reflex that the _____ can control. |
|
Definition
autonomic
cerebral cortex |
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Term
| The internal sphincter is a continuation of the _____ and when full, dilates/constricts(?) to make you feel like you have to pee? |
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Definition
|
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Term
The external sphincter of the bladder is _____ muscle, making it under _____ control.
Normally, this allows you to be able to control urges to pee until an appropriate time. T/F? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Losing sensory (PNS) fibers results in _____ and is called _____. |
|
Definition
incontinence
Atonic Bladder |
|
|
Term
| A patient has a _____ when there is a lack of inhibitory signals (the brain doesn't send info to external sphincters). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The maxiumum concentration in plasma of any substance that the kidneys are able to effectively "deal with" is known as the _____.
This happens when the amount of a substance deliverd to the renal tubule (called the _____) exceeds the capacity of _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
Transport maximum
Tubular Load
carriers or enzymes. |
|
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Term
The normal tubular load of glucose is ___ mg/min and the transport maximum is ___ mg/min.
Glucose is normally reabsorbed in the _____, but if the tubular load exceeds the ability to reabsorb, glucose appears in the _____. This is a possible S/S of _____. |
|
Definition
125 mg/min
375 mg/min
Proximal tubule
urine
DM |
|
|
Term
| The point when a certain substance appears in the urine is known as the _____. |
|
Definition
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