Term
| What is the innervation of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the medullary rays? |
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Definition
| Striations in the renal cortex that extend from the base of the pyramid to the cortex |
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Term
| What is the area cribrosa? |
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Definition
| sieve like area on the tip of the papilla where the papillary ducts empty |
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Term
| is the renal column made of cortical or medullary material? |
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Definition
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Term
| What units to form the papilla? |
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Definition
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Term
| The papillary ducts represents the convergence of what? |
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Definition
| the distal ends of the collecting tubules |
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Term
| What area of the medulla empties into a minor calyx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area called at the cortical medullary junction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the renal pyramid look striated? |
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Definition
| due to parallel linear orientation of loops of Henle and collecting ducts |
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Term
| Which is normally darker red, the renal cortex or medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the renal cortex look granular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the cortical labyrinth |
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Definition
| areas in both medulla and cortex that contain the renal corpuscles and proximal and distal convoluted tubules |
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Term
| what does the renal lobe contain? |
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Definition
| pyramid plus cortical parenchyma surrounding the base and sides (the area between two interlobular arteries) |
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Term
| What does the renal sinus contain? |
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Definition
| The area within the kidney that includes the renal pelvis, blood vessels, nerves and fat |
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Term
| What does the renal stroma contain? |
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Definition
| Tough fibrous connective tissue capsule and renal interstitium |
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Term
| Describe the renal interstitium in the cortex |
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Definition
| Delicate interstitial connective tissue that contains fibroblasts, type I and III collagen, GAGs and macrophages |
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Term
| Describe the renal interstitium in the medulla |
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Definition
| Contains myofibroblasts which give it some contractile ability |
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Term
| About how many nephrons are there in a kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a uniferous tubule and a nephron? |
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Definition
| Uniferous tubule is the nephron + collecting duct and the nephron just contains the renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of henle, and distal tubule |
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Term
| What is contained in the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
| Glomerulus, bowmans capsule, and Bowman's space |
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Term
| Where does most of the reabsorption occur in the nephron? |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| what part of the loop of henle do only long nephrons contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which layer of the kidney are the vasa recta found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium is present in the proximal convoluted tubule? Including nuclei |
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Definition
| cuboidal to low columnal epithelium, oval central nuclei |
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Term
| What is present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells seen in proximal convoluted tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the borders of the epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| well-developed apical brush border, indistinct lateral borders, numerous mitochondria on basolateral surface |
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Term
| Describe the epithelial cells of the proximal straight tubule |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the microvilli, basolateral invaginations, and mitochondria of the proximal straight tubule to those in the proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| Shorter microvilli, less basolateral invaginations, less and smallter mitochondria |
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Term
| Describe the epithelium of the thin loop of Henle and nuclei |
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Definition
| simple sqamous epithelium with bulging nuclei into lumen |
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Term
| What type of epithelium has short loop nephrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of epithelium have long loop nephrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rank the epithelium I-IV in order of activity |
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Definition
| Greatest activity: II, III, IV, I (least activity) |
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Term
| Does the distal straight tubule stain lightly are darkly with eosin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the nephron is the macula densa located and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Located in the distal convoluted tubule and monitors what coming through the nephron |
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Term
| How does the diameter of the collecting tubules and ducts change as you proceed distal to the renal cortex? |
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Definition
| Increases in diameter as proceed distal to cortex |
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Term
| What is a good way to distinguish the collecting tubules/ducts? |
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Definition
| Obvious lateral cell border due to lack of lateral interdigitations |
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Term
| Describe teh lumen of collecting tubules and ducts |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of cells in collecting tubules? |
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Definition
| principal (light) cells and intercalated (dark) cells |
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Term
| Describe principal cells and give their location and other names |
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Definition
Light cells, CD cells
In collecting tubules/ducts, primary cilium (AQP-2, AQP-3, AQP-4) |
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Term
| Describe intercalated cells and give their location and other names |
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Definition
dark cells, IC cells
In the collecting tubules/ducts
Secrete H+ and HCO3 |
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Term
| Which cells in the collecting tubules are responsive to aldosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do papillary ducts terminate and what happens to the epithelium there? |
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Definition
| area cribosa; epithelium changes from columnar to urothelium |
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Term
| What part of the uriniferous tubule does the cortex contain? |
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Definition
| Renal corpuscles, convoluted tubules, small amount of straight tubules and collecting ducts |
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Term
| What part of the uriniferous tubules does the medullary ray contain? |
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Definition
| straight segments of the proximal and distal tubules and collecting tubules |
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Term
| Where is the glomerulus of the subcasular nephron found and where does its loop of Henle extend to? |
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Definition
| glomerulus ound in outer cortex, loop of henle extends only to outer medulla |
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Term
| Does a subcapsular nephron have a thin ascending limb of Henle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the efferent arteriole from the subcapsular nephron supply? |
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Definition
| the peritubular network of capillaries to its own tubules and tubules of adjacent nephrons |
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Term
| Which represents the majority of nephrons-subcapsular or juxtamedullary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the glomerulus of a juxtamedullary nephron found? |
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Definition
| Near the junction of cortex and medulla |
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Term
| Which have larger renal corpuscles-subcapsular or juxtamedullary nephrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the efferent arterioles associated with juxtamedullary nephrons supply? |
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Definition
| some peritubular cpaillaries, but also form the vasa recta surrounding collecting ducts and ascending limbs of Henle |
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Term
| What portions of the uniferous tubule does the outer stripe of the outer medulla contain? |
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Definition
| Thick portions of both ascending and descending loops of Henle, collecting ducts |
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Term
| What portions of the uniferous tubule does the inner stripe of the outer medulla contain? |
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Definition
| thin descending and thick ascending Loops of henle and collecting ducts |
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Term
| What portions of the uniferous tubule does the inner medulla contain? |
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Definition
| Thin limbs of Henle both ascending and descending, collecting ducts |
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Term
| About what percentage of cardiac output does the kidney receive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the blood flow through the kidney |
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Definition
| Renal artery-> 5 segmental arteries ->lobar arteries ->interlobar artery ->arcuate arteries ->interlobular arteries ->afferent arterioles ->efferent arterioles |
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Term
| How many segmental arteries does each renal artery divide into and describe their anastomosis |
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Definition
| Divides into 5 segmental arteries that are each end arteries with no anastomoses with each other |
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Term
| where does the interlobar artery travel? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the arcuate arteries arise from and where do they run? |
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Definition
| arise from corticomedullary junction and run along base of the medullary pyramid |
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Term
| How do the interlobular arteries come off the arcuate arteries? |
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Definition
| Come off at right angles from arcuate toward the cortex |
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Term
| Are the afferent capillaries continuous or fenestrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do veins from the superficial nephrons run blood? |
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Definition
| return it to stellate vein then back interlobular to arcuate to interlobular to lobular to segmental to renal veins |
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Term
| In juxtamedullary nephrons, describe the continuity of the capillaries |
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Definition
| fenestrated without diaphragms |
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Term
| How do the veins in the kidney run relative to arteries? |
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Definition
| flow retrograde (interlobular to arcuate to interlobular to lobular to segmental to renal veins) |
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Term
| Which processes of the podocyte are in direct contact with the capillaries? |
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Definition
| Secondary (foot) processes only |
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Term
| The endothelium an podocytes share what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The visceral layer of bowman's capsule is composed of what specialized cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the space between interdigitating pedicels in bowman's capsule called and about how big is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do filtration slits have a diaphragm? How big? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the filtration barrier of bowman's capsule made of? |
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Definition
| fenestrated endothelium, podocyte's interdigitating pedicels, and fused basal laminae from these two cells |
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Term
| Describe the endothelium of the filtration barrier of bowman's capsule |
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Definition
Glycocalyx with negative charge to repel anionic proteins
Fenestrated
Freely permeable to water, solutes
Not permeable to cells and large protines
Abundance of AqP1 |
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Term
| Describe the lamina rara externa and interna and where they are |
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Definition
In the filtration barrier basal lamina that is shared by endothelium and the visceral layer of bowmans capsule
Rich in polyanions, laminin, fibronectin |
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Term
| Describe teh lamina densa of the basal lamina of the filtration barrier |
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Definition
| Type IV collagen, physically inhibits passage of large molecules, collagen XVIII, perlecan, and agrin to give negative charge |
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Term
| Which cells form the filtration slit and filtration slit diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of specialized activity do the podocytes have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the covering of the podocytes |
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Definition
| negatively charged glycocalyx |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
| Macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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Term
| What is teh basic function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
| regulate blood flow through the glomerulus |
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|
Term
| Describe the relation of the macula densa to the renal corpsucle |
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Definition
| adjacent to vascular pole of renal corpuscle |
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Term
| Describe the cells of macula densa |
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Definition
| taller and more closely packed than other distal tubule cells, nuclei may overlap |
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Term
| What is thought to be the function of the macula densa? |
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Definition
| Sensor to osmolarity and volume in the distal tubules |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular cells are modifications of what type of cells and where are they found? |
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Definition
| modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent and sometimes efferent arteriole |
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Term
| What cells secrete renin? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are mesangial cells positioned? |
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Definition
| similar to pericytes with a bit of cytoplasm separating |
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Term
| Where are intraglomerular mesangial cells located? |
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Definition
| Between glomerular capillary lops |
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Term
| Which is usually larger the afferent or efferent arteriole? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the major functions of intraglomerular mesangial cells |
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Definition
| Contractile, maintain structural support |
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Term
| What is the urothelium supported by? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the urothelium line? |
|
Definition
| all of the excretory passages except distal urethra |
|
|
Term
| Does the ureter have submucosa? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the muscle layer of ureters |
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Definition
| Inner longitudnal (loose helix) and outer circular (tight helix) |
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|
Term
| Describe the muscle layers of the bladder |
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Definition
| 3 irregularly arranged smooth muscle layers mixed with collagen (inner longitundal, middle circular, outer longitudinal |
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Term
| Describe the urothelium of the urinary bladder |
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Definition
| 5-7 layers relaxed, 2-3 distended |
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|
Term
| The sympathetic fibers of the urinary bladder go to where? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The efferent fibers of the micturition reflex are what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which are the afferent fibers of the micturition reflex? |
|
Definition
| sensory to sacral spinal cord |
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|
Term
| Describe the changes in epithelium as you progress through the male uretra |
|
Definition
Prostatic: urothelium
Membranous: stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Penile: stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium then stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in the female urethra proximally to distally |
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Definition
| Initially lined with urothelium then stratified squamous |
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|
Term
| What type of tubules are identifiable in the renal cortex? |
|
Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the thin limbs of Henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is function of the serosa of the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Secrete a small amount of fluid that lubricates peritoneal cavity |
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