Term
| Renal failure prevents what action of the blood? |
|
Definition
| normal removal of waste (accumulated metabolites) |
|
|
Term
| What three areas of the kidney can renal failure occur? |
|
Definition
| prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal |
|
|
Term
| Two main reasons for intrarenal causes of renal failure. |
|
Definition
| 1. parenchymal disease 2. chronic infections |
|
|
Term
| What are post renal causes for renal failure? |
|
Definition
| obstructive uropathy, stones, masses, and strictures |
|
|
Term
| Kidney length and echogenicity in renal failure. |
|
Definition
| Less than 8 cm, echogenic |
|
|
Term
| Why does the parenchyma become echogenic in renal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What signifies acute renal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main causes of acute renal failure. |
|
Definition
| 1. parenchymal disease 2. renal vein thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| Sonographic appearance of acute glomerulonephritis. |
|
Definition
| enlarged echogenic kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Four associations of acute glomerulonephritis. |
|
Definition
| 1. nephrotic syndrome 2. anemia 3. hypertension 4. peripheral edema |
|
|
Term
| Acute interstital nephritis is associated with what three things? |
|
Definition
| 1. infection 2. scarlet fever 3. diptheria |
|
|
Term
| Most comon medical cause of acute renal failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. acute tubular necrosis can be reversed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographically, acute tubular necrosis appears like what other pathology? |
|
Definition
| nephrocalcinosis, medullary sponge kidney |
|
|
Term
| What type of patients usually have lupus nephritis? |
|
Definition
| Females, age 20-40, with lupus erythematosus |
|
|
Term
| What does lupus nephritis look like sonographically? |
|
Definition
| echogenic and atrophied kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Three types of renal function loss in chronic renal disease |
|
Definition
| 1. destruction of nephron 2. renovascular disorder 3. obstructions and parenchymal disease |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of kidneys in chronic renal disease |
|
Definition
| diffusely echogenic with loss of normal anatomy |
|
|
Term
| What does sickle cell nephropathy include? |
|
Definition
| glomerulonephritis, renal vein thrombosis, papillary necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What disease is caused by uncontrolled hypertension, leading to renal damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs second to renal atrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common term used to describe infected kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of infection that can travel to the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a renal carbuncle? |
|
Definition
| abscess in renal parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| What type of patients are at risk fo developing a renal abcess? |
|
Definition
| diabetes, UTI, infected renal stone, immune compromised patients, IV drug users, chronic disease |
|
|
Term
| Type of infection that is outside of the parenchyma and can surround the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air in the parenchyma with gas forming a parenchymal infection |
|
Definition
| emphysematous pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
| True or False. Emphysematous pyelonephritis is life-threatening. |
|
Definition
| true, especially for diabetics |
|
|
Term
| Emphysematous pyelonephritis is more common in what types of patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes scanning an emphysematous pyelonephritic kidney difficult? |
|
Definition
| Air and gas in the kidney creates dirty shadows |
|
|
Term
| Air in the urinary collecting system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pus in the obstructed renal system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pyonephrosis has the highest mortality rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes pyonephrosis in a young child? elderly patient? |
|
Definition
| UPJ obstruction; malignant ureteral obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Associated with chronic infection; causes desruction of renal parenchyma with replacement by lipid macrophages |
|
Definition
| xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
| XGP is associated with what diseases? what patients? |
|
Definition
| nephrolithiasis and obstructive nephropathy; female and diabetic |
|
|
Term
| Sonographic appearance of XGP |
|
Definition
| large non-functioning kidney, staghorn calculus, multiple infections |
|
|
Term
| Sonographic appearance of papillary necrosis. |
|
Definition
| fluid filled spaces around the pyramids; sloughed papilla can calcify and mimic stones |
|
|
Term
| Fungal infection that most commonly affects renals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographic appearance of candida albicans. |
|
Definition
| small multiple abscesses, perinephric extension, and mobile echogenic fungal balls |
|
|
Term
| When do kidneys lose normal appearance with shistosomiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In echinococcus hydatid disease, what may form in the hydatid fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasitic disease s transmitted by mosquitoes, later developing elephantitis, chylous ascites, and chyluria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes tumors in an AIDS kidney? |
|
Definition
| Karposi's, sarcoma, lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of infectious cystitis in women? men? |
|
Definition
| rectal flora; outlet obstruction or prostatitis |
|
|
Term
| Sonographically, what do we see different in a bladder with infectious cystitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granulomatous infection of bladder mainly affecting women in their 60's. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographically: thickened bladder wall, echogenic foci with ring down or dirty shadowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of emphysematous cystitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fistulas are related to GYN or urological surgery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fistulas are related to diverticulitis and Crohn's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fistulas are related to hysterectomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unilateral or bilateral dilated renal pelvics and calyx due to obstruction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three criteria of hydronephrosis |
|
Definition
| 1. renal cortex around cystic area 2. connect cysts to renal pelvis 3. dilated ureter may be presnt |
|
|
Term
| What type of hydronephrosis can be repaired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of diabetes can cause pseudohydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ureteral jets are present in which type of hydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common location of renal calculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stones will pass spontaneously if less than what size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes dystrophic nephrocalcinosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major cause of proximal renal arterial stenosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major cause of mid-distal renal arterial stenosis. |
|
Definition
| fibromuscular hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Cessation of blood supply causes necrosis of tissue; can be confused with junctional defect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bladder infection with stasis of urine and incomplete emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transitional cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Most common form of urinary obstruction in male infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ages of the best kidney transplant recipients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which kidney is usually removed from the donor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false. Swelling in the early transplant is abnormal, even if it regresses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major problem in transplants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common vascular problem in renal transplants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually result of loss of blood to kidney before, during, or after transplant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is a change in urine output in a transplant kidney, what do you increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reaction to antirejection drug |
|
Definition
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