Term
What are the roles of the Urinary System? |
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Definition
Maintain the body's state of homeostasis
Urine formation
Excretion of waste products
Regulation of fluids and electrolytes
Autoregulation of blood pressure |
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Term
| What is a known cause of kidney and bladder cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involved in a physical assessmant of the renal system? |
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Definition
| Skin Color, Mouth, Edema, Weight Gain, General State of Health, Kidneys, Prostate, Abdomen, Perineum |
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Term
| How is the bladder assessed? |
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Definition
| Percussion (Dullness = Full Bladder) |
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Term
| How are the kidneys assessed? |
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Definition
Palpation
(Never percuss the kidneys!) |
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Term
| What are the age related changed in the Urinary System? |
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Definition
Dec.in nephron function,
Dec. in renal reserve,
Atherosclerosis of renal arteries,
Incomplete bladder emptying,
Thinning of vaginal and urethral tissues,
dec. blood supply to urogenital tissue,
inc. urethral & vaginal irritation,
inc. in prostate size |
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Term
| What is nursing care of patients undergoing urine diagnostic testing? |
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Definition
Patient knowledge,
Psychosocial and emotional factors;fear, anxiety,
Urologic function; inc. voiding habits/pattern,
Hygiene,
Prescence of pain or discomfort,
Allergies |
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Term
What is the normal value of the
Glomerular Filtration Rate? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the normal value of
Specific Gravity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal value of BUN? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal creatinine level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal potassium value? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most reliable test of urinary function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the definition of anuria? |
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Definition
| Urine output < 50 ml/24 hrs. |
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Term
| What is the definition of oliguria? |
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Definition
| Urine output < 400 ml/24 hrs. |
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Term
| What does decreased calcium absorbtion indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are normal bicarbonate values? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens to
phosphorous and calcium levels
during chronic renal failure? |
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Definition
Phosphorous levels increase
calcium levels decrease |
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Term
| What can hematuria indicate? |
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Definition
Acute infection,
Renal calculi,
or neoplasm |
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Term
| What causes transient protenuria? |
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Definition
fever,
strenuous exercise,
or prolonged standing |
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Term
| What causes persistent protenuria? |
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Definition
glomerular diseases,
malignancies,
collagen disease,
DM,
preeclampsia,
hypothyroidism,
heart failure |
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Term
| What do increased BUN levels indicate? |
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Definition
| ARF, CHF, Shock, urinary tract obstruction, cancer, |
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Term
| What do decreased BUN levels indicate? |
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Definition
inadequate protein levels,
malabsorbtion syndromes (Chrons', alcoholism),
severe liver disease
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Term
| What does increased Creatinine levels indicate? |
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Definition
| Alcoholism or head injury |
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Term
| What is normal BUN to creatinine clearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What BUN to creatinine clearance indicate? |
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Definition
Hydration levels
An elevated ratio is seen in hypovolemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Renal function tests may be within normal limits until the GFR is less then 50% |
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Term
| What does specific gravity assess? |
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Definition
| The ability of the kidneys to concentrate solutes in the urine. Findings may indicate early kidney disease |
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Term
| What does a 24 hour urine test evaluate? |
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Definition
| Creatinine clearance - detects and evaluates progression of renal disease |
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Term
| What is a KUB and what are the interventions? |
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Definition
Xray of the kidnays, ureter, and bladder
- remove all metallic objects from abdominal area ( no belly rings!)
- No food or fluid restricion prior to test
- Takes approximately 10 minutes |
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Term
| What is a KUB and what are the interventions? |
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Definition
Xray of the kidnays, ureter, and bladder
- remove all metallic objects from abdominal area ( no belly rings!)
- No food or fluid restricion prior to test
- Takes approximately 10 minutes |
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Term
| What is a retrograde pyelogram? |
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Definition
Catheters advanced through ureters into renal pelvis by cystoscopy to evaluate
kidney function.
- Contrast medium used; CHECK FOR ALLERGIES
Drink lots of water after test to rid dye |
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Term
| What is an Intravenous Pyelogram? |
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Definition
Evaluates cause of blood in urine (Contraindicated in pts. w/ allergies to shellfish)
IF TAKING GLUCOPHAGE MUST STOP 48 HRS. BEFORE PROCEDURE
Takes approx. 30 min.
Instruct pt. to drink water to flush out contrast dye. |
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Term
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Definition
Evaluates backflow of urine from bladder into ureters
-contrast medium used CHECK FOR ALLERGIES!
No fluid or food restrictions prior to test |
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Term
| What can happen if Glucophage is taken within 48 hours of a test involving contrast dye? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a renal biopsy performed and what are the interventions? |
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Definition
A section of the renal cortex is obtained through a needle incision
Fasting test
Hold breath while test is being performed
Pt lying prone
Pt. lay on biopsy side 6 - 8 hrs after procedure |
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Term
| What is a Cystometrogram? |
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Definition
Evaluates the motor and sensory functionof the bladder when incontinence is present
Monitor I & O for 24 hours after procedure
Takes 30 - 45 minutes |
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Term
| What is a Renal Angiogram or Arteriogram? |
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Definition
Test provides X ray visualization image of renal arteries to evaluate renal blood flow
Goes through femoral artery
Pt. lying supine
PERFORM NEUROVASCULAR CHECKS ON LOWER EXTREMITIES |
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Term
| What are nursing responsibilities for diagnostic tests? |
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Definition
Obtain health history including allergies
Educate on purpose of procedure;length of test;any pain or discomfort, no fluid ot food restrictions
Instruct pt. to remove all jewelery or metal objects
Explain symptoms that may be experienced after the test
Educate on any questions about results, further tests |
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Term
| What drugs are nephrotoxic? |
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Definition
Antibiotics:
aminoglycosides(Tobranycin, Streptomycin)
cephalosporins (Cephalexin)
Sulfonamides (Sulfamsthoxalzole)
Analgesics:
NSAID's (ibuprofen)
Aspirin
Acetaminophen |
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Term
| What are the S/S of nephrotoxicity? |
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Definition
Dec. urination
Edema
Unusual weight gain
hematuria albuminuris (blood protein in urine) crystalluria (crystals in urine)
progressive Azotomia (urea in blood) |
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