• Inacted by Americans because of great concerns about jobs (California Gold Rush of the 1840s-1850s)
• Excluded the immigration of both skilled and unskilled laborers for ten years.
• based on race
• repealed in 1943
• SIGNIFICANCE: Followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 which would restrict immigration even further

• Book by Michael Muhammed Knight (2006)
• he traveled over 20,000 miles by Greyhound bus in 60 days, searching for a true American Islam
• attempts to uncover the true identity of W. D. Fard, the mysterious founder of the Nation of Islam
• SIGNIFICANCE: evidence that the Nation of Islam still exists today

• Established by William J. Seymor (Af. Am. male)
• sent to L.A. in 1906 by Perham to est. a community to pray for gifts of the Holy Spirit
• Lucy Farrow came in 1906
• She was sent to Azusa by Perham after she arrived, people started speaking in tongues
• SIGNIFICANCE: Start of the pentecostal church and blurring of race/gender lines

• Meditate twoce a day for twenty minutes
• unify being with other beings
• popularized by the Beatles
• a part of zen buddhism
• SIGNIFICANCE: change in Am. vlaues - traditional churches losing members, turn to Asian religion because it was different.

• 1861-1918
• german immigrant family
• pastor of German Baptist Church
• became worried about social conditions
• talked about the kingdom of God
• Wrote a lot about the social principles of Jesus, sin being selfishness, deemphasis of sin.
• spread a kingdom of god through example and a christ like life.
• SIGNIFICANCE: leader in a reaction to immigration, concerned about the lives of others.

• May 1882
• Russian Laws
• Jews cannot hold public office, cannot participate in economic life
• quotas on the number of jews who could be teachers and how many could be students
• could not be part of the legal system
• could not vote
• cannot work for the goverment
• russian gov't encouraging Jews to leave
• SIGNIFICANCE: when Jews arrived in America they were already used to discrimination

• 1899-1993
• Father of black gospel music
• combines christian praise with rhythms of jazz and blues
• SIGNIFICANCE: proliferation of works that have become the voice of black churches and gospel music. paved the way for other kinds of gospel music in the black community

• Catholic Workers Movement
• Born a protestant
• worked as a journalist
• involved with socialism
• lived with a guy and had a child out of wedlock, after birth of her daughter, converted to Catholicism - man left her
• Catholic Worker Movement: 1933 - began by destributing a newspaper called the catholic worker
• emphasis on works and religious practice
• houses of hospitality: aid/comfort for those who need it, major urban centers, provide food/shelter
• ardent pacifist
• SIGNIFICANCE: Founder of the Catholic Worker Movement and Hospitality houses of which there are still 100s today.

• aka Christian Realists
• late 1940s to early 1950s
• realistic approach to human life
• called the found generation
• young people upset about what happened during WW1 - nationalism blamed, blamed old generation for making the young people fight, disallusioned by what they saw at war.
• why do we have the old order? we need something different.
• demonstrations on college campuses, organized ROTC, Peace
• hated racism and felt that racism=international problem which fueled nationalism.
• solution to racism: christians needed to unify - called for an international christian movement.
• leaders include: Francis Miller, Reinhold Niebuhr, Henry P. Van Dusen
• believed that God is transcendent and other.
• nothing can be done to avoid sin
• against liberal protestants
• called for involvement in WW2
• SIGNIFICANCE: Christian realists provide a transition away from Liberal Protestants but form a middle ground between lib prots and fundamentalists. Basis for future views and ideas of the Civil Rights Movement.

SCLC

• founded by MLK in 1957
• wanted braod social justice in America
• advocated boycotts and other forms of non-violent protest
• church should be involved in social justice
• SIGNIFICANCE: proof that religion mattered during the civil rights movement, religion was part of the civil rights movement.

• 12 books published between 1910 and 1916
• broad defense of Christianity against a hostile world
• 1/3 dealt with inerrancy
• 1/3 argued in defense of protestantism
• 1/3 dealt with movements like romanism, mormanism, communism, socialism, spiritualism, Eddyism (christian science)
• SIGNIFICANCE: reaction to immigration of non-protestants, resurgance of conservative theology

• God was on the side of the oppressed, not the oppressor.
• Blacks = oppressed, whites = oppressor
• 1969: combined Liberation Theology (alongside black power mvmt) in his book Black Theology and Black Power - provided a new way to articulate the distinctiveness of theology in the black church
• stated that if the gospel is a gospel of liberation of the oppressed then jesus is a savior to the oppressed
• SIGNIFICANCE: changed the view of catholicism, Jesus is on the side of the OPPRESSED, new idea.