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| Varieties of Religious Experience |
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| Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion |
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| "Healthy Minded Religion" |
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| William James' pragmatic approach to this view of a type of religion, in that if it makes you feel good... |
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| William James' category for the religions that 'scare' you with the hell, fire and brimstone approach |
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| Name the four marks the of the mystical experience |
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-Ineffable - beyond description
-Noetic - enlightening
-Transient - temporary
-Passive - beyond your control |
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| How does 'sacred' translate directly from Latin |
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| What did Rudolph Otto refer to as the other element of holiness? |
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| Name the three marks of The Numinous |
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-Mysterium - 'wholly other' unlike anything you have ever experienced
-Tremendum - Awe inspiring
-Fascinans - Draws and holds attention |
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| Is the Holy and 'a posteriori' or an 'a priori' category? |
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| Five important arguments for the existence of God |
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-experiential
-cosmological
-design
-ontological
-moral |
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| There must be an immovable mover so that which our universe and all things began. There cannot exist an infinite regress. |
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| Who do we associate with the cosmological argument? |
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| What is the design argument? |
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| Our world, like a watch, is built with complexity and purpose, it can then be deduced that our world must, like the watch, have a designer. |
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| Michael Behe (deals with intelligent design) |
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| If God is something by which we cannot imagine anything greater, and to exist and be understood is greater than to just understand, then by definition God must exist. |
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| This really isn't an argument for the belief in God, rather, why we should believe. This makes sense of how we will ultimately be judged in the afterlife, (cause it sure seems we aren't now) |
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| Religion is used to explain things we do not yet understand, eventually we will explain all things through hard science (...right) |
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| Response to Atheist Argument |
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| Our modern day physics holds the belief in cause and effect, well, what was the first cause? Again this is the cosmological argument and that there cannot be infinite regress. |
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| What about the problem of evil?? |
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-God is Good (God is not good by our standards, God is Sovereign)
-God is ALL POWERFUL (God is not all powerful...see "process theology")
-Evil is real (evil is not real, it is rather a lack of good) |
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| A group Augustine began in, they believed there were good and bad gods that were constantly dueling. |
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| father of "new" Christianity and existentialism. His philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking, and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. |
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| Three views on faith and reason |
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-Compatible
-Incompatible
-Irrelevant |
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| Compatible faith and reason |
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Faith and Science are not and cannot be in conflict
Thomas Aquinas (Reason(The existence of God) and Revelation(Trinity)) |
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| Incompatible faith and reason |
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faith and science do not compliment each other, faith w/o evidence
W.K. Clifford (it is morally wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient
evidence)
Kierkegaard-blind faith is the only truth |
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| Irrelevant faith and reason |
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Mystics- emphasize practice over doctrine rather then rationalize God, pray.
Wittgenstein - Religion and science are two 'language games' |
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| How can ethics be described? |
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-How should we live our lives?
-How should we treat others? |
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| -The rules/principles by which we govern and judge our actions |
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| The means by which we arrive at our moral code |
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| Here is an example of how moral questions and ethical questions differ |
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MORAL Q:"Is lying wrong?"
ETHICAL Q:"How do I find out if lying is wrong?" |
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| Four major approaches to ethics |
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-Deontological(Rule Based)
-Virtue(Character development)
-Utilitarian(greatest good for the majority)
-Relativistic(there are no absolute moral standards) |
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| Dissect the word deontological itself |
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Deon - Greek for duty, stresses the duties of an individual, rule following
Ontology - study of being, existing |
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-Divine Command
1.a more common approach
2.most religions have a set of commands
3.the rules are binding because they come from a being greater than anyone |
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| Problem with absolute duty |
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-Not all religions agree on a set of commandments
-the question may arise, "Is an act bad because God disapproves, or does God disapprove because the act itself is bad?" |
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-Nature is endowed with natural moral laws as well as physical laws.
-More or less the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church
-Provides a common ground upon which to build a bridge between different ethical concerns of different cultures and religions |
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| Problems with natural law |
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-What is natural?
just because something IS does not mean it OUGHT be |
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| Categories of Absolute Duty |
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-Divine Command
-Natural Law
-Categorical Imperative |
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-a system defended by reason and reason alone
1.Treat people as ends, not means
2.Act in a way in which you would wish it become a universal law |
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| Problems with the categorical imperative |
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-could any rule be wished to become universally followed for any and all circumstance?
-No method for resolving conflict between different duties |
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| Non-Absolute (Prima Facie) Duties |
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-A duty holds unless otherwise opposed to a conflicting duty
-The way to resolve conflicting duties
1.List the duties in conflict
2.Weigh the duties to determine which is most important
3.Act accordingly |
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| Ross' list of Prima Facie Duties |
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| fidelity; reparation; gratitude; non-maleficence; justice; beneficence; and self-improvement |
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| The focus on building a virtuous character rather than following the rules |
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.born.384 b.c. in Stageria
.student in Platos Academy(367-347 b.c.)
.tutored Alexander the Great
.formed his own school, The Lyceum
.dies in exile in the year 322 b.c. |
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| About the Nichomachean Ethics |
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-Every art and activity has an aim
-What is the aim of our life?
1.Happiness(well-being) - it is the one and only thing we seek for it's own sake
2.Everything is existence has a telos appropriate to its nature
- What is a human's telos?
1. It is concerned with our ability to reason, in that well being is the result of living in accordance with reason. |
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| According to Nichomachean Ethics are "bad" people "unhappy"? |
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| Yes, that is exactly what Aristotle is saying |
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| What is a virtuous person according to Nichomachean ethics? |
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| Virtue is to be found in making the right choices and doing so deliberately. The right choice if found through the Golden Mean, moderation and limitation |
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| Actions are judged based on their consequences |
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| Pleasure is the ultimate goal |
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| Who invented the Panopticon, and what is it? |
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| Jeremy Bentham, a prison. The word is now used to describe 'Big Brother' and its ability to monitor us |
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| According to a utilitarian, what are the motives for human behavior? |
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| pleasure seeking and pain avoiding |
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| John Stewart Mills' family tree |
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Godson of Jeremy Bentham
Godfather to Bertrand Russell |
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| What did J.S. Mills argue about Kant's categorical imperative? |
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| Mills argued that the categorical imperative IS a calculation of the consequences, a utilitarian mantra |
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-born (1946- )
-Aussie
-teaches at Princeton |
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| Singer's solution to world poverty |
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-intentions do not matter
-Animal rights movement
-anyone who buys anything that is not necessary is depriving a starving child |
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| General Happiness Principle |
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| -greatest good for the greatest number of people |
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| weighs actions on a scale of good or bad consequences |
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| weighs actions on a scale of good or evil intentions |
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| The concept that points of view have no absolute truth or validity, having only relative, subjective value according to differences in perception and consideration |
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| Super-human, in the sense of beyond human strength or out of proportion to humanity. |
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| When we speak of values, we speak with the inspiration, with the way of looking at things, which is part of life: life itself forces us to posit values; life itself values through us when we posit values |
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