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Religion 150
Final Exam (Livingston)
116
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2011
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Term
Relations between science & religion:
 Definition
At war (conflict), different and don't interact (independent), compliment each other (integration).
Term
How old is religion?
 Definition
Evidence since 100,000 - 250,000 years ago (neanderthals, cro-magnons, homo-sapiens).
Term
Propitiation:
 Definition
Act of appeasing, pacifying or making favorable, often through some form of sacrifice to a deity.
Term
Theism:
 Definition
belief in a god or gods.
Term
Monotheism:
 Definition
One personal transcendent go (Judaism, Islam, Christianity).
Term
Polytheism:
 Definition
More than one god (Greek, Roman).
Term
Onthology:
 Definition
Theory of being.
Term
Animism:
 Definition
Belief that objects, phenomena, universe have soul. Everything has a spirit, not everything is God.
Term
Totemism:
 Definition
People descend from animals, plants, and other natural objects.
Term
Taboo:
 Definition
Polynesian for "separate and reserved". Something to be avoided, "just wrong".
Term
Expiation:
 Definition
Make amends or reporation.
Term
Axis Mundi:
 Definition
Center of the world.
Term
Imagdo Mundi
 Definition
Image of original world order.
Term
Mt. Zion:
 Definition
Axis Mundi for Jews and Israelites.
Term
Empiricism:
 Definition
Assumption about science; primary source of knowledge is our physical senses.
Term
Predictability:
 Definition
Assumption about science; world is orderly, stable cause and effect relationships.
Term
Objectivity:
 Definition
Assumption about science; we can study the physical world outside of us with out subjective bias.
Term
Unity:
 Definition
Assumption about science; world is unified, laws hold the same everywhere.
Term
Materialism:
 Definition
Everything in the universe is made of physical matter.
Term
Criteria for assessing religious definitions:
 Definition
Distinctiveness, generality, avoid prejudice, avoid over-generalization.
Term
James Martineau:
 Definition
"Religion is the belief in an ever living God, that is, in a divine mind and will ruling the universe and holding moral relations with mankind."
Term
Rudolf Otto:
 Definition
"Religion is that which grows out of, and gives expression to, experience of the holy in its various aspects". (expressing gratification of "pizza").
Term
Immanuel Kant:
 Definition
"Religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine commands".
Term
Paul Tillich:
 Definition
"Religion is the state of being grasped by an ultimate concern, which itself contains the answer to the question of the meaning of our life". (taste of "pizza").
Term
Sigmund Freud:
 Definition
"Religion is comparable to a childhood neurosis".
Term
Symbolic Capacity:
 Definition
Distinction between animal signaling and human symbolizing.
Term
Representational Symbols:
 Definition
Tie together distinct things (green lights=go).
Term
Presentational Symbols:
 Definition
Taking forms of image/icon they participate in/are similar to, the things they symbolize.
Term
Mudras:
 Definition
Gestures in Buddhism that disclose aspects of Buddhist spirit.
Term
Metaphor:
 Definition
Symbolic resemblance, "time is a river", figure of speech.
Term
Parable:
 Definition
Extended metaphor.
Term
James Livingston:
 Definition
"Religion is that system of activities & beliefs directed toward and in response ot that which is perceived to be of sacred value and transforming power".
Term
Horizon of Meaning:
 Definition
Model for thinking about religion.
Term
Meaning:
 Definition
Feelings, beliefs, moods, behaviors.
Term
Sacred:
 Definition
Ultimate reality.
Term
Profane:
 Definition
Common, ordinary experience, opposite of "sacred".
Term
Defilement:
 Definition
Pollution, impurity, dirty.
Term
Heirophany:
 Definition
Manifestation of sacred/holy.
Term
Golgotha:
 Definition
Axis Mundi of Jerusalem, for Christians.
Term
Ka,ba:
 Definition
Axis Mundi in Mecca, for Muslims.
Term
Stupa:
 Definition
Rounded Axis Mundi.
Term
Pagoda:
 Definition
Multi-tiered Axis Mundi.
Term
Mt. Sinai:
 Definition
Axis Mundi for Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
Term
San Francisco Peaks:
 Definition
Axis Mundi for Hopi Indians and other Native Americans.
Term
Mormon Temple:
 Definition
Axis Mundi for Mormons in Salt Lake City.
Term
Vatican:
 Definition
Axis Mundi for Roman Catholics.
Term
Lourdes:
 Definition
Axis Mundi for Catholic pilgrims; place to heal.
Term
Religious Symbol:
 Definition
A word, image, place, thing, ect. which mediates the sacred/holy.
Term
Myth:
 Definition
Stories which explain and legitimize a societies basic values, world views, institutions and behaviors.
Term
Ritual:
 Definition
Agreed-on and formal pattern of ceremonial movements and verbal expressions carried out in a sacred context.
Term
Life cycle/rites of passage rituals:
 Definition
Aid in individuals integration into a society as they move through different personal and social stages. Typically go: separation, transition, integration.
Term
Pervasive Rituals:
 Definition
Life crisis rites, healing, exorcism, prayer for the sick.
Term
Seasonal rituals:
 Definition
Interconnect individuals, community, cosmos; winter, spring, summer, and fall.
Term
Carl Jung:
 Definition
Scientific study of religion centered around archetypes; conscious mind, personal unconscious, collective unconscious.
Term
Individuation:
 Definition
Individual psychic healing; "self-realization".
Term
Primary (first order) Religious Discourse:
 Definition
Language, story, symbol, parable, myth.
Term
Second Order Religious Discourse:
 Definition
Concepts and doctrines.
Term
Models:
 Definition
Symbols, and myths, "enlightening sentence in a complex book".
Term
Communities:
 Definition
Spontaneous bond of communion between members of a society.
Term
Pantheism:
 Definition
The world is God, God is all things.
Term
Panentheism:
 Definition
The world is God, but not all that God is. God and nature are one. World is part of God, but world is not all that God is.
Term
Dualism:
 Definition
There are two principles or beings which/who order the world. The world consist of realities distinct from the principles or beings which order. Coequal and coeternal.
Term
Theism from Immanent to Transcendent:
 Definition
Pantheism > Animism > Panentheism > Dualism > Monotheism.
Term
Immanence:
 Definition
Within, inside; God available for interaction and no different than humans.
Term
Transcendence:
 Definition
Beyond, outside; God is not available for interaction but different than humans.
Term
Christianity:
 Definition
Dominant strand: monotheism (orthodox). Experiential Problem: anxiety, unease, dissatisfaction, guilt. Causal Problem: sin, disordered will, live life ones own way. Persistent minority strand: dualism (gnostic, millenarian). Persistent minority strand: pantheism (gnostic, mystical, modern liberal). contemporary minority strand: pantheism (liberal and mystical). Thomas - Aquinas. St. Augustine.
Term
Japanese Shinto & Amaterasu:
 Definition
Sun Goddess: "The great August Kami (spirit) who shines in the heaven".
Term
Pueblo Bonito:
 Definition
Northern New Mexico; Sun God.
Term
Sol Invictus:
 Definition
Sun God
Term
Sky Gods:
 Definition
Typically male dominant...
Term
Mother Goddess:
 Definition
Iris, Osiris, Horus: Egypt. Ishtar, Tammuz: Mesopotamia. Shakti Cults: India; the eternal female.
Term
Confucianism:
 Definition
Complementary dualism. Yin & Yang.
Term
Stoicism:
 Definition
Pantheism. Logos (reason) is one sacred reality. Humans are spark of divine reality. Experiential Problem: social political experience, inability to control destiny. Causal Problem: ignorance of true nature of the world. Solution: divine reason, law, or God (nature). Epictetus. Marcus Aurelius.
Term
Sakti Cults:
 Definition
Mother Goddess, energy, eternal female. Kali - Hindu goddess of creation, protection, and destruction.
Term
Taoism:
 Definition
Complementary dualism.
Term
Vedata Hinduism:
 Definition
Monism/pantheistic. Latest form. Maya - illusionary phenomenal world, true knowledge achieved when it's realized Brahman and Atman are the same.
Term
Vedic Hinduism:
 Definition
Polytheism. Earliest form.
Term
Islam:
 Definition
Monotheism. In the Arabian Penninsual: polytheism.
Term
Complementary Dualism:
 Definition
Confucianism and Taoism; Yin (female) & Yang (male).
Term
Conflictual Dualism:
 Definition
Zoroastrianism: Persian/modern Iran. Gnosticism: Rome. Manichaeism: Mesopotamia, Roman. Kojiki and Nihongi (Japan). Inzanami and Inzanagi (Japan).
Term
Upanishads Hinduism:
 Definition
Pantheistic. Middle form. Brahman - sacred power, soul, the One. Atman - body, one with Brahman.
Term
Axial Age:
 Definition
8-2 centuries B.C.E. (before common era) when current major religions of world were created.
Term
Apatheia:
 Definition
Most important stoic virtue, not caring, also a solution
Term
Teravada Buddhism:
 Definition
Siddhartha Gautama. Experiential Problem: unhappiness, sorrow, suffering. Causal Problem: belief in "I" and it's desires, needs. Solution: there is no "I", eliminate desire.
Term
Theodicy:
 Definition
Attempts to explain in a coherent and meaningful way poverty, hunger, and other evils that beset the world.
Term
Mystical Theodicy:
 Definition
Direct experience with sacred, individual perceives themselves as part of larger group, sacrifice for good of larger group.
Term
Future - This Worldly Theodicy:
 Definition
Present suffering will cease, and golden age of happiness will occur on earth.
Term
Future - Other Worldly Theodicy:
 Definition
Suffering in this life will be compensated for in another life on another world.
Term
Dualism:
 Definition
Suffering, pain, evil are the result of work of evil vs good. Suffering, pain, and evil can be combatted by helping good defeat evil.
Term
Karma - Samsara Theodicy:
 Definition
Wheel of birth and rebirth, and migrating soul. "Karma" - cause and effect.
Term
Cosmogony:
 Definition
Account of emergence or creation of world order.
Term
Enuma Elish:
 Definition
Babylonian (Iraq) creation epic from 2nd millenia B.C.E.
Term
Creatio Exnihilo:
 Definition
"Creation out of nothing". Typical of western faiths, derived from book of genesis.
Term
Monotheistic Theodicy:
 Definition
Suffering as a recompense for sin, a test of character, condition for soul making, submission, and protest.
Term
Egyptian Theism:
 Definition
Isis - daughter of earth and heave, marries brother Osiris, births Horus, who is ruler of upper world. Osiris - killed by Set.
Term
Mesopotamian Theism:
 Definition
Ishtar - mother and lover of Tammuz.
Term
Xenophenes:
 Definition
Panentheistic God.
Term
Henotheism:
 Definition
Recognize many gods, belief in one ascended God.
Term
Deism:
 Definition
God created world, but no longer interacts.
Term
Omniscient:
 Definition
All knowing.
Term
Omnipotent:
 Definition
God able to do all things within Divine Nature. All powerful?
Term
Four Noble Truths of Teravada Buddhism:
 Definition
Dukkha - birth, old age, sickness are painful. Origin of pain, craving is attachment. Cessation of pain is attainable. The path to cessation of suffering is the Noble Eightfold Way.
Term
Nirvana:
 Definition
Buddhist view of the goal, and enlightenment.
Term
Analects:
 Definition
Confucius "selected sayings" among six classics.
Term
Faith:
 Definition
Mental assent to existence of unseen reality.
Term
Assenus:
 Definition
Non-intellectual assent.
Term
Fiducia:
 Definition
Trust or total confident relevance on divine grace.
Term
Martin Luther:
 Definition
Protestant reformer, "born again... embrace new conception of grace... gates to paradise". Grace thru faith.
Term
Mahayana:
 Definition
Greater vehicle, Group.
Term
Teravada:
 Definition
Singular.
Term
Bodhisttava:
 Definition
Previous incarnations of Buddha; Guatama.
Term
Grace Thru Faith (salvation):
 Definition
Common in all 3 western monotheistic traditions, as well as Hindu and Mahayana Buddhism.
Term
Devotion (salvation):
 Definition
inclusive form of salvation, expresses deep personal encounter. St. Teresa - spanish nun, "strong, swift impulse".
Term
Ecstasy:
 Definition
Outside ones self. Devotion salvation.
Term
Radha, Bengali:
 Definition
"Body is temple of gladness, altar of joy". Devotion salvation.
Term
Action & Obligation (salvation):
 Definition
Most popular. Hindu - well being, duties, pleasure, liberation; Darhma - duties; Moksha - liberation; Bhagavad Ghita - "women corrupt... intermingling of caste... destroy". Islam - "to commit"; Sharia - law, morality, religion; 5 pilllars; Muezzin - calls to prayer.
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