A number’s distance from zero (0) on a number line. Distance is expressed as a positive value. Example: |7| = 7 and |-7| = 7.

The number zero (0). When zero (0) is added to another number, it does not change the number’s value (e.g., 12 + 0 = 12).

Two numbers whose sum is 0 are additive inverses of one another. Example: ¾ and - ¾ are additive inverses of one another because

 ¾ + (- ¾) = 0.

A mathematical sentence containing variables in which two expressions
are connected by an equality (=) symbol.

An expression containing numbers and variables (e.g., 3x), and operations that involve numbers and variables (e.g., 8x + 5y or 4a² – 7b +13). Algebraic expressions do not contain equality or inequality symbols.

A mathematical sentence containing variables in which two expressions are connected by an inequality (>, <, > , <,) symbol.

A mathematical expression that contains variables and describes a pattern or relationship.

the measure, in square units, of the inside region of a closed two-dimensional figure (e.g. a rectangle with sides of 3 units by 9 units has an area of 27 square units)

The horizontal and vertical number lines used in a coordinate plane system.

The number used as a factor in exponential form. Example: 53 is the exponential form of 5 X 5 X 5. The numeral five (5) is called the base, and the numeral three (3) is called the exponent.

Pairs of linked numerical observations. Example: a list of heights and weights for each player on a football team

A method of visually displaying a distribution of data values by using the median, quartiles, and extremes of the data set. A box shows the middle
50% of the data

A zigzag on the x- or y-axis in a line or bar graph indicating that the data being displayed do not include all of the values that exist on the number
line used.

variables that measure characteristics using words that represent possible responses within a given category. examples months people are born, favorite color, kind of pets

The order in which two numbers are added or multiplied does not change their sum or product, respectively

(e.g., 4 + 3 = 3 + 4 or 5 X 7 = 7 X 5).

A fraction A/B where the numerator and/or denominator contains a fractions (B the denominator is nonzero).

A two-dimensional network of horizontal and vertical lines that are parallel and evenly-spaced; especially designed for locating points,
displaying data, or drawing maps.

Numbers that correspond to points on a coordinate plane in the form (x, y), or a number that corresponds to a point on a number line.

a measure of the strength of a linear relationship betweeen two variables using a number between -1 and 1

Different ways of displaying data in charts, tables, or graphs, including pictographs, circle graphs, single-,double-, or triple-bar and line graphs, histograms, stem-and-leaf plots, box-and-whisker plots, and scatter plots.

the percent decrease in an exponential decay pattern. the decay rate is 1 minus the decay factor

Any number written with a decimal point in the number. A decimal number falls between two whole numbers (e.g., 4.7 falls between 5 and
6). Decimal numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes called decimal fractions (e.g., three-tenths is written 0.3).

The product of a number and the sum or difference of two numbers is equal to the sum or difference of the two products.

Example: x(a + b) = ax + bx.

A mathematical sentence in which two expressions are connected by an equality symbol.

Expressions that have the same value but are presented in a different format using the properties of numbers.

The use of rounding and/or other strategies to determine a reasonably accurate approximation, without calculating an exact answer

(e.g., clustering, front-end estimating, grouping)

Substitute numbers for the variables and follow the algebraic order of operations to find the numerical value of the expression.

Exponent

(exponential form)

The number of times the base occurs as a factor. Example: 5³ is the exponential form of 5 X 5 X 5. The numeral five (5) is called the base, and the numeral three (3) is called the exponent.

A collection of numbers, symbols, and/or operation signs that stands for a number.

To estimate or infer a value or quantity beyond the known range of data.

A number or expression that divides evenly into another number [e.g., 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20 are factors of 20 and (x + 1) is one of the factors of
(x² – 1)].

A number expressible in the form a/b where a is a whole number and b is a positive whole number. (The word fraction in these specifications always refers to a non-negative number.)

A relation in which each value of x is paired with a unique value of y.

A table of x- and y-values (ordered pairs) that represents the function, pattern, relationship, or sequence between the two variables.

A sentence that states one expression is greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, or not equal to, another expression (e.g., a ≠ 2 or x < 4 or 3y + 5 ≥ 12).

A number expressible in the form a or -a for some whole number a.

The value of a variable when all other variables in the equation equal zero (0). On a graph, the values where a function crosses the axes.

An action that undoes a previously applied action. Example: subtraction is the inverse operation of addition.

a non-linear relationship in which the product of two variables is constant. an equation in the form of y=k/x or xy=k where k is a constant. the value of one variable decreases as the values of the other variable increase

The titles given to a graph, the axes of a graph, or to the scales on the axes of a graph.

A collection of an infinite number of points in a straight pathway with unlimited length and having no width.

A method of visually displaying a distribution of data values where each data value is shown as a dot or mark above a number line. Also known
as a dot plot.

An algebraic equation in which the variable quantity or quantities are in the first power only and the graph is a straight line.

Examples: 40 = 5(x + 1) + 2y; y = 6x + 11.

An algebraic inequality in which the variable quantity or quantities are in the first power only and the graph is a region whose boundary is the
straight line formed by the inequality.

an equation or graph that describes and or at least approximate the relationship between two variables. make reasonable guesses for values between and beyond data points. example, when the points show a pattern, find an equation of a line that fits the trend in the data

A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list. Example: For the data set {1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 22, 120}, the mean is 21.

A measure of variation in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the distances between each data value and the mean, then dividing by the number of data values. Example: for the data set {2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12,
14, 15, 22, 120}, the mean absolute deviation is 20.

The numbers that result from multiplying a given whole number by the set of whole numbers (e.g., the multiples of 12 are 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60).

The number one (1). Multiplying by 1 does not change a number’s value (e.g., 8 X 1 = 8).

Two numbers whose product is 1 are multiplicative inverses of one another. Example: 3/4 and 4/3 are multiplicative inverses of one
another because 3/4 X 4/3 = 4/3 X 3/4 = 1.

Used to designate the reciprocal of a number to the absolute value of the exponent. Also used in scientific notation to designate a number
smaller than one (1). Example: 4.21 X 10^-2 equals 0.0421.

The location of a single point on a rectangular coordinate system, where the digits represent the position relative to the x-axis and y-axis

[e.g., (x, y) or (1, -2)].

The point of intersection of the x- and y-axes in a rectangular coordinate system, where the x-coordinate and y-coordinate are both zero (0).

A predictable or prescribed sequence of numbers, objects, etc. Patterns and relationships may be described or presented using manipulatives,
tables, graphics (pictures or drawings), or algebraic rules (functions).

A special-case ratio which compares numbers to 100 (the second term). Example: 75% means the ratio of 75 to 100.

A rate of change expressed as a percent. Example: if a population grows from 50 to 55 in a year, it grows by 5/50 = 10% per year.

A specific location in space that has no discernible length or width.

Any whole number with only two whole number factors, 1 and itself (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11).

A mathematical sentence stating that two ratios are equal.

Having the same or a constant ratio. Two quantities that have the same ratio are considered directly proportional. Example: if y = kx, then y is said to be directly proportional to x and the constant of proportionality is k. Two quantities whose products are always the same are considered inversely proportional. Example: if xy = k, then y is said to be inversely proportional to x

Any of the four regions formed by the axes in a rectangular coordinate system.

An expression that has a root (e.g., square root, cube root). Example: √36 is a radical. A radical without an index number is understood to be a square root.

The number that appears within a radical sign (e.g., in √36 , 36 is the radicand).

the difference between the highest and
lowest values (H – L).

A ratio that compares two quantities of different units (e.g., miles per hour).

The comparison of two quantities (e.g., the ratio of a and b is a:b or a/b, where b ≠ 0).

A number expressible in the form a/b or – a/b for some fraction a/b. The rational numbers include the integers.

the error calculated by finding the difference between an actual data point and the value that a model for the data predicts

A mathematical expression that describes a pattern or relationship, or a written description of the pattern or relationship.

A graph in the coordinate plane representing a set of bivariate data. For example, the heights and weights of a group of people could be displayed on a scatter plot.

A shorthand method of writing very large or very small numbers using exponents in which a number is expressed as the product of a power of 10 and a number that is greater than or equal to one (1) and less than 10

(e.g., 4.23 X 10⁶ = 4,230,000).

The ratio of change in the vertical axis (y-axis) to each unit change in the horizontal axis (x-axis) in the form rise/run or ∆x/∆y. Also, the constant,
m, in the linear equation for the slope-intercept form, y = mx + b.

A positive real number that can be multiplied by itself to produce a given number (e.g., the square root of 49 is 7 or √49 = 7).

A line on a graph that shows a trend between data points

a rate in which the second number (denominator) is 1. Example, 32 miles per hour,

Any symbol, usually a letter, that could represent a number

calculate the differences between the actual value and the mean. these differences are squared and averaged

another term for exponential growth. interest is paid on the original value and the interest earned

the base between 0 and 1 in an exponential decay. it is the ratio of any y-value to the previous y-value

a pattern decrease in which each value is found by multiplying the previous value by a constant factor greater than 0 and less than 1. example, 27, 9, 3, 1, 1/3, 1/9.... each value is 1/3 times the previous value

a quantity expressed as a number raised to a power. example, 2⁵=32

relationships between two variables that are exponential. example, y=4 ^n-1

a pattern of increase in which each value is found by multiplying the previous value by a constant factor greater than 1. example, 1,2,4,8,16,32.... shows exponential growth in which each value is 2 times the previous value

a relationship that shows exponential growth or decay

the constant factor that each value in an exponential growth pattern is multiuplied by to get the next value. the variable b in the function y=ab^x

the percent increase in an exponential growth pattern. example, interest expressed as a percent

a value that lies far from the center of a distribution. a data point that is much higher or lower than the other values

a short way to write very large or very small numbers. the first factor is called the unit digit, a value between 1 and 10. the second factor is power of 10

measures the spread of a data set. the greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread of the data. find the differences between the actual values and the mean. then squared the differences and averaged.  the average is the variance. square root the variance to get the standard deviation.

numerical expression. for example, 27 is the standard form of 3³

The horizontal number line on a rectangular coordinate system.

The value of x at the point where a line or graph intersects the x-axis. The value of y is zero (0) at this point

The vertical number line on a rectangular coordinate system.

The value of y at the point where a line or graph intersects the y-axis. The value of x is zero (0) at this point.

relationship that exists between two sets of data

data displayed on the graph resembles a line rising from left to right. the slope of the line is positive. the y-values increases as the x-values increases

data displayed on the graph resembles a line falling from left to right. the slope of the line is negative.  the y-values decreases as the x-values increases

thenplot on the graph is scattered. it does not appear to rise or fall. there is no relationship between the y-values and the x-values.