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Rel1300
Midterm Review
144
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/15/2012

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Religion
Definition

Full of intent and very little it indifferent. Comes from the Greek word “ligion” which means a repetitive binding back. Binding back to something greater than the survival of the species. 

Term
Ludwig Feuerbach
Definition
Believed that people believed in religion out of fear and didn't understand the physical world. 
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Took all of Feuerbach's ideas of fear and doubting faith and overlays it with medical knowledge. Believes religious people are undergoing psychosis. 
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
Believed religion is for political and economic power. "Its the opium of the people, and a tool for economic oppression." Rich people screwing poor people. 
Term
Functionalist Perspective
Definition
Believes there might be a true religion but doesn't claim to know for sure. Believes religion helps keep the social ladder in line. 
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
Believes religion is the "glue that holds society together". She is a functionalist, meaning she believes religion has a function in society.
Term
Sacred
Definition
Special, item is not allowed to be touched.
Term
Profane
Definition
All the things that are not sacred
Term
Mircea Eliade
Definition
A functionalist. Believes "religions are by the means we behave religiously".
Term
Faith Based Perspective
Definition
Belief, trust, and loyalty to a religion.
Term
Rudolf Otto
Definition
Studied mysticism to demystify religion. You can interact with the sacred or the holy right here and now. Studied peoples profound mystical experiences.
Term
Faith 
Definition
Adherence to a stable frame of reference. 3 Greek roots; "Fides"=Belief, "Fidueia"=Trust, "Fideltas"=loyalty
Term
Mysticism
Definition
An interaction with the sacred in the here and now. 
Term
Mysteriom trememendus et Francinaus
Definition

Msteriom-Actual moment of direct awareness of the holy

Trememendum- The scary part, that "shakes the shit out of you"

Fascinaus-The feeling where you become attracted to that divinity

Term
Heontheism
Definition
Belief in multiple Gods but one is more important
Term
Monotheism
Definition
Belief in one God in particular
Term
Immanent Conceptions
Definition
Believes the Sacred/Holy/Divinity is in this world
Term
Transcendent Conception
Definition
Believes the Sacred/Holy/Divinity is not in the here or now but in a 'there' or 'then'
Term
Personal Conception
Definition
Believes the Divinity to be a personal Divinity
Term
Impersonal Conception
Definition
Believes the Divinity to be a state of awareness or reality but not a personal God
Term
Paul Tillich
Definition
Believes religion is the way we discover whats most important to us. "Religion is the way we access our ultimate concern"
Term
Devotional Study of Religion
Definition
Study of religious tradition in order to become better at its practice. 
Term
Theological Study of Religion
Definition
Still devotional. Concerned with advancing that tradition. Its a critical study of religion.
Term
Academic Study of Religion
Definition
You can study as a believer or non believer. The most critical study of religion. Not concerned with accepting truth claims. 
Term
Eight Dimensions of Religion
Definition

Experimental-subjective experience by a believer

Conceptual-Questions that underscore the doctrine.

Ritual-Formal characteristics of religion and expressing it with rituals

Mythic-Narratives;everything is true except the story

Doctrinal-formal declarations of belief.

Ethical-Understanding of moral values.

Social-Human kinds social groupings. Ex) Judaism

Aesthetic-Attitudes about what is "good", "true", and "beautiful"

Term
Cognitive Psychology
Definition
The human mind is a behavior producing machine
Term
Dharma
Definition
Vigorous understanding of the way things are
Term
HADD
Definition
Predisposition to think that there is no cause or reason for something to happen
Term
Counterintuition
Definition
If something is unusual we are able to remember it better
Term
Counterfactual Scenario Aptitude
Definition
Humans imagine things that haven't happened yet
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
We personify other beings
Term
Hindu (etymology)
Definition
Sanskrit for the people who live on the Indus River
Term
Vedas
Definition
Set of 4 texts in Hinduism
Term
Sanskrit
Definition
Oldest language
Term
Samhitas
Definition
Devotional hymms in Hinduism meant to honor the Devas
Term
Brahmanas
Definition
Texts describing the proper performance of rituals for the four Vedas of Hinduism
Term
Krishna
Definition
8th Avatar, Avatar of Lord Vishnu who is meant to restore Dharma to the world
Term
Jesus of Nazareth
Definition
Significant to Hinduism because he is considered an Avatar of Vishnu
Term
Avatar
Definition
Human person with attributes that lead people to believe they are an incarnation of one of the Devas
Term
Lakshmi
Definition
Vishnu's wife, goddess of prosperity and beauty
Term
Saivites
Definition
People in Hinduism who benefits Shiva first and foremost out of all of the Devas. 
Term
Parvati
Definition
Shiva's (god of destruction and rejuvenation) wife
Term
Ganesh
Definition
Shiva and Parvati's son. Remover of obstacles and good luck on journeys. Wise and immovable. "Rides on a mouse" 
Term
Saktas
Definition
Worship the sacred feminine first and foremost. Believe in Tantra positions and chakras
Term
Sakti
Definition
The mother Goddess of Hindu feminism 
Term
Kundalini
Definition
Health philosophy with the base of the spine and involves chakras. Part of the Saktas Hinduism group that believes in worshipping the sacred feminine first and foremost.
Term
Durga/Kali
Definition
The destroyer goddess celebrated and worshipped by the saktas group. A goddess who is capable of giving and taking life.
Term
Tantras
Definition
Practice of tantras is involved in the saktas group of Hinduism. Part of worshipping the sacred feminine and practicing sex positions in order to become closer to the divine.
Term
Rigveda
Definition
Ancient sacred Hindu texts
Term
Deva
Definition
The Devas are Hinduism Gods or deities that are invited into the common Hindu's home and treated as respected guests
Term
Agni
Definition
One of the most important Hindu deities. The God of fire and the acceptor of sacrifices. He is a messenger to other Gods and is thus responsible for the receiving of sacrifices. 
Term
Indra
Definition
The God of Gods in Hinduism. He is one of the chief deities in Rigveda. 
Term
Soma
Definition
Ritual drink of importance in Hinduism
Term
Ushas
Definition
Goddess in Rig veda means "the dawns" she is portrayed as warding off evil spirits in the evening.
Term
Moksha 
Definition
the release from the cycle of reincarnation and suffering
Term
Karma
Definition
Actions at the social level. Charity, doing things regardless of what happens. 
Term
Samsara
Definition
The cycle of "birth", "life", "death", "rebirth".
Term
Dualism
Definition
the conflict between good and evil. The balance.
Term
Monoism
Definition
Believing there is unity in a given field. For example Brahman in Hinduism is the Divine ground of the universe. Brahman is considered to be all that exists and everything in the universe is therefore a manifestation of Brahman.
Term
Maya
Definition
"Illusion" The belief in Hinduism that we do not really experience the environment but a projection of it created by us.
Term
Purusha
Definition
Breathes the first syllable. "Om" Which is the first vibration that starts the world.
Term
Om
Definition
The first vibration. Very important to Hinduism religion. Reflects total order.
Term
Brahman
Definition
The breath, the sacred holy ultimate that is impersonal but makes things sacred.
Term
Atman
Definition
The thing in you that makes you sacred, not a soul
Term
Brahmin
Definition
Priests, highes in the caste system. They are in charge of what is sacred and rituals. 
Term
Kshatiyas
Definition
Second caste in the Hindu caste system. Made of nobility or military. 
Term
Vaishiya
Definition
Economic specialists or skilled labor. What the West would consider "White Collar" workers.
Term
Shudra
Definition
Manual laborers of the Caste system
Term
Untouchables
Definition
The outcasts of society. 
Term
Thick Description
Definition
Description from an insider of a specific culture
Term
Thin Description
Definition
Description from an outsider of a culture.
Term
Triloka 
Definition
A 3 tiered fireplace used for Hindu rituals. The bottom tear represents animals, humans, and vegetables. The second tier is meant for the value of the sky, the heavens, and space. The top tier symbolizes the resplendent place where energy originates.
Term
Sadhu
Definition
A wandering monk who's chief purpose is to achieve moska through meditation and contemplation of brahman.
Term
Tat Tvam Asi
Definition
"You are that" Means that the self in its pure state is identifiable with the Ultimate reality.
Term
RTA
Definition
Harmony
Term
Yoga
Definition

The "stilling of fluctuations of consciousness" 

8 Limbs: yama-ethical behavior (noninterference with Dharma, stop doing bad things)

niyama-ethical behavior (start doing good things)

asana-physical postures intent to unite body, breath, and mind

pranayama-sacred breath (controlling breathing)

pratyahara-turning inward. Avoiding outside stimuli.

Dharana-Concentrate on Inward focus

Dyana-Uninterrupted flow of still conciousness.

Samadhi-"Aha" Understanding fully and completely. 

 

4 types

raja-breathing and posture

jnana-wisdom tradition, intellectuel meditation

karma-action at the social level

bhakti-intense devotion, manifestation of brahma

 

 

Term
puja
Definition
set of at home practices, treating a deva as a guest in your home
Term
Darshana
Definition
Visions of the divine
Term
Brahma
Definition
The Creator
Term
Vishnu
Definition
the sustainer
Term
Shiva
Definition
Destroyer and transformer. Continuously defeats good over evil.
Term
Lingam
Definition
Representation of Shiva used for worship in temples
Term
Vashnaivite
Definition
Worships Vishnu first and foremost. Worshipping the sustainer Vishnu.
Term
Budh
Definition
Verb meaning "to wake up"
Term
Pali Canon
Definition
The teachings on the nature of things by Buddha
Term
Tipitika
Definition
The text about the three baskets. Buddha's realizations when he walked down the street. Youth, health, and life isn't real.
Term
Siddhartha Gautama
Definition
The founder of Buddhism
Term
four Great Sights
Definition

1. Old Man-Realizes "youth isn't permanent"

2. Sick Man-"health is fleeting"

3.Dead Man-"Life itself is fleeting"

4. Monk-"Maybe none of it matters"

Term
Sannyasin
Definition
Monk that the Buddha saw in deep meditation that made him realize despite the suffering you can find peace
Term
Mortification
Definition
Denying yourself everything
Term
Middle Path
Definition
Everything in moderation, the middle path between indulgence of the senses and restriction of the senses. "the Great Awakening"
Term
Mara
Definition
All undesirable qualities of the human condition
Term
Benares
Definition
The part of the Buddha that says to keep his enlightenment to himself. (selfish)
Term
Four Immanent Realities
Definition

1.Nature of the things are

2. Why things are

3.The nature of suffering

4.how we overcome it

Term
Dukkha
Definition
Suffering
Term
Tanha
Definition
Thirst or craving for pleasure, the principle cause of suffering. One of the marks of existence that leads to suffering
Term
Anicca
Definition
Inconsistence or impermanence. The marks of existence that lead to suffering.
Term
Anatta
Definition
Not believing in what you see because your senses because they are projections and not necessarily reality
Term
Dharma
Definition
Truth, the way things are
Term
Five skandas
Definition

1.Form or matter

2. sensation or feeling

3. perception or cognition

4.mental formations or impulses

5. consciousness or discernment

Term
Present Moment Awareness
Definition
Being in the here and now. Originally mentioned by the Buddha and used by zen masters later
Term
Eightfold Path
Definition

1.Right View (Wisdom)

2.Right intention (Wisdom)

3. Right Speech (Wisdom)

4.Right Action (ethical conduct)

5. Right livelihood (ethical conduct)

6. right effort (concentration)

7. Right Mindfulness (concentration)

8. Right concentration

Term
Nirvana
Definition
Not a place. Unbinding, denaturing. To be free from desire. "An unclenched fist"
Term
Samsara
Definition
Continuous flow of suffering
Term
Bhavana
Definition
Development of the mind or conciousness
Term
Sangha
Definition
The community of Buddhism
Term
Theraveda
Definition
Super Buddhists! Most traditional and least interested in innovation. 
Term
Triple Gem
Definition

1. Buddha-specific guy

2. Dharma-his specific teaching

3.sangha-specific people he communicated with

Term
Bikkhu
Definition
The monks of Buddhism
Term
Bikkhuni
Definition
Female monks
Term
Arhat
Definition
The teacher or someone who strives to live as the Buddha said
Term
Vipassana
Definition
Meditation  where you focus on the breath
Term
Stupa
Definition
Relics
Term
White Elephant
Definition
An idiom for an item which one can't dispose of but the upkeep outweighs the worth
Term
Mahayana
Definition

"Great Vehicle" Its the first philosophical innovation in Buddhism. The use the tipitika and sutras. Sutras=full embodiment of Buddha's thoughts

Believe in utter nothingness.

Believe real enlightenment is returning to help other people reach their enlightenment. 

Term
Sutra
Definition
New literature observed in the Mahayana and Vajrayana. Considered the full embodiment of the Buddha's thoughts
Term
Hinayana
Definition
Mahayana's derogatory term for Theravedas meaning "Inferior vehicle"
Term
Bodhisattva
Definition
A teacher of manayana
Term
Sunyata
Definition
Form of Buddhist self-criticism "utter nothingness"
Term
Perfection of Wisdom
Definition
A sutra, literature that originated from Mahayana
Term
Lotus Sutra
Definition
Originated from Mahayana
Term
Heart Sutra
Definition
Meaning everything is nothing
Term
Kuan Yin
Definition
Gone, gone, gone beyond, gone to that far shore. All enlightenment we hail.
Term
Vajrayana
Definition
"Diamond Raft" Most innovative form of Buddhism. Respect the tipitika, sutras, and bon shanans
Term
Deity Yoga
Definition
Visualize themselves as meditation Buddha
Term
Lama
Definition
Teacher
Term
Dalai Lama
Definition
His holiness the ultimate teacher
Term
Dharamsala
Definition
New Tibet
Term
Zen
Definition
"absorption" Buddhism on Steroids in Japan
Term
Creation Story of Zen
Definition
Buddha is sitting on top of the hill and people are getting really upset and he holds up a rock. And Kasyapa understands. He understands that.
Term
Three Treasures
Definition

1.Buddha-enlightenment

2.Dharma-the nature of reality

3.Sandha-Community

Term
Zero
Definition
Realizing what present moment reality is
Term
Bodhidharma
Definition
Direct awareness of mind to mind transmission. 
Term
Four Requirements of Awakening
Definition

1.Great Confidence

2. Great Doubt

3. Great vows

4. Great Diligence

Term
Soto
Definition
Sitting meditation, Stilling and clearing of the overactive meditation
Term
Rhoshi
Definition
Zen Master
Term
Dogen
Definition
Person who started Soto Zen
Term
Zendo
Definition
Any place where you can be soto. NOT A TEMPLE
Term
Rinzai
Definition
Overloading the mind in order to break it
Term
Koan
Definition
Sayings that don't make any sense
Term
Erich Fromm
Definition
functionalist, believes in faith based perspective. 
Term
Materialist Perspective
Definition
The only things that exist are things you can experience with your senses
Term
Sanatana
Definition
Eternal truth
Term
Aranyakas
Definition
Belonging to the wilderness, part of the four vedas
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