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Summary: Nebraska state legislature typically opened their meetings with a prayer by a publicly funded chaplain
Decision: Supreme court held that it was constitutional both for the prayer and the public funding, since it was rooted in a long history of tradition and part of the framers' intent |
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Summary: Louisiana "creationism" law did not permit evolution to be taught without biblical creation; neither had to be taught, but evolution couldn't be taught without faith-based beliefs
Decision: The Supreme court ruled that this was in violation of the Establishment Clause. |
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Bob Jones University v. U.S |
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Summary: Bob Jones practiced discrimination in their student selection process because they felt that interracial relationships were detrimental to their faith; the IRA chose to deny them their tax exemption, so they sued.
Decision: The Court held that the IRA was within its legal limits to refuse to extend an exemption (for charitable orgs.) to an institution that practiced discrimination |
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Christian Legal Society v. Martinez |
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Summary: The CLS was denied recognition by their parent university because they chose to bar entry to homosexuals and those who did not share their faith.
Decision: No decision thus far. Think about the implications of deciding in either direction, though. |
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Summary: Arkansas had a law that barred the teaching of evolution in schools; a teacher objected under the Establishment Clause.
Decision: The court held that this was in violation of the Establishment Clause; the school district had the right to determine their own curriculum, but it was not within proper procedure to limit the curriculum in efforts to appease or not offend a particular sect or religious dogma. |
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Abington School District v. Schempp |
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Summary: Pennsylvania school district required students to read at least 10 bible verses and recite the Lord's prayer every morning before class; individual brought to court under Establishment Clause.
Decision: The court held that it violated both the Free Exercise and Establishment clauses of the First Amendment. |
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Summary: A provision of the Maryland constitution mandated that anyone holding office must swear to a Christian belief in God.
Decision: The court held that this was unconstitutional, but not under Article VI; rather, said it violated the right of an individual to freedom of religion. |
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Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah |
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Summary:The Church practices ritual animal sacrifice as one of their traditions; Hialeah passed a law around the same time the Church tried to establish themselves that animal sacrifices were not allowed.
Judgment: The court held that this was unconstitutional under the Free Exercise Clause; the reason the ordinances did not survive scrutiny is because their only purpose was to hinder the practices of the Church. Had they been designed for a legitimate government concern, they would have been viable. |
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Summary: A Seventh Day Adventist was denied unemployment compensation because she refused to seek work on Saturday (her Sabbath).
Decision: The Court held that is was unconstitutional to withhold her compensation because it essentially taxed her for her right to free exercise; also held that SC violated the equal protection clause by not using the same standard for those believers that worshiped on Sunday. |
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Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe |
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Summary: the school had a student council member elected chaplain and that student read a prayer before football games; was challenged on the basis of Establishment Clause.
Decision: The court held that this was in violation of the Establishment Clause, despite the fact that the prayer was read by a student. |
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| Catholic candidate John F. Kennedy gave a major speech declaring that this loyalty was to America and not to the Pope |
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| A Catholic Convent was burned to the ground by a mob incited by rumors that young women were being abused at the convent |
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| Washington wrote that "all possess alike liberty of conscience and immunity of citizenship"; further expounding that the US government required only that people "demean themselves as good citizens" |
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| Congress mandated that all US coins be minted with the motto "In God We Trust" |
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| The Salem Witch trials occurred in Massachusetts |
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| Congress added "one Nation under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance |
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| A mob tars and feathers Joseph Smith, beginning a lengthy feud between Christian America and Mormonism |
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| the New York State constitution banned Catholics from holding public office |
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| Governor Lilburn order that all Mormons be expelled from the state of Missouri |
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Summary: A holiday scene was erected in Pawtucket, Massachusetts that included a nativity scene; was challenged under Establishment Clause.
Decision: The Supreme Court held 5-4 that it was not unconstitutional; this was a landmark case because it opened the door for religious accommodation (at least temporarily). |
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Allegeny County v. ACLU of Greater Pittsurgh Center |
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Summary: A nativity scene was displayed in a public building without other decorations present.
Decision:The court held that by itself, when not recognized as part of the holiday tradition, the crèche violated the establishment clause. |
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an elderly impoverished woman who was arrested and charged with witchcraft during the Salem witch trials
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Rev. Samuel Parris’s Caribbean slave; confessed to signing in the book of the devil and doing his works; essentially fanned the spark of paranoia into a wildfire among the people of Salem, Massachusestts
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the unpopular revered of Salem who is classified as having a rigid attitude and greedy nature; his daughter (among others) suffered an unusual attack, which she later blamed on the witchcraft of three women in the town: Sarah Osborne, Sarah Good, and Tituba
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| a homeless beggar arrested for being a witch during the Salem witch trials; her four year old daughter was also questioned and arrested (timid answers = confession) |
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the first “witch” hanged in the Salem witch trials; was singled out for her flamboyant lifestyle more than for actual acts of witchcraft
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one of the three major monotheistic world religions; “founded” by the Prophet Muhammed after he was visited by the angel Gabriel and told to recite the true message of God
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The Five Pillars of Islam |
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the five anchoring points of the Islamic faith; 1) (shahadah) the profession of faith 2) prayer 3) (zakat) an obligatory tax levied on a man’s wealth 4) fasting during the month of Ramadan and 5) the hajj, the pilgrimage every Muslim must make once in their life
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“profession of faith”; one of the five pillars of Islam
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a “purification” tax levied on a man’s wealth annually; theoretically makes the rest of a man’s wealth religiously and legally pure; only permanent tax levied by the Qu’ran
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| the once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimage that all Muslims must make to Mecca |
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associating the creature with the creator; one of the sins that comes out of man’s pride according to Islam
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| the collection of works written about the teachings of prophet Muhammed by his disciples; functions as a secondary, interpretive text for Islam |
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| the direction in which Muslims offer their prayers |
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| the chapters of the Qu’ran (unequal length) |
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| The Islamic name for Satan; he protested to God against the creation of man but ultimately |
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the black shrine that stands at the heart of Mecca; it is to this place that every Muslim makes their lifetime pilgrimage
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| the Arabic name for “divine law”; the “right” path to the source of water |
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| “learned”; a clerical legal class in Islam that is similar to the rabbinate in Judaism |
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| “traditions”; one of the four sources of Islamic law; in Islam it came to mean the record of Muhammed’s collected words and actions in the Hadith |
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| “consensus”; one of the four sources of Islamic law “since the majority must be right in a community ruled by God” |
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| “individual thought”; one of the four sources of Islamic law that is required to find the legal/doctrinal solution to a new problem |
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| "belief” or “faith”; refers to the strength of conviction in a Muslim |
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| the One God of Islam; the Qu’ran lists 99 names/characteristics for Allah |
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| the teachings (the way) of the Buddha; the code of ethics observed in Hinduism in order to gain good karma |
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| “noninjury” but was expanded by Ghandi to include not only a prohibition against violence, but against any form of coercion, including the depreciation of other forms of life |
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| “soul-force” or the “force which is born of truth and the love of non-violence” |
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| the “Sacred Song of God”; one of the holy Hindu scriptures |
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“instruction”; also refers to the collection of sacred writings that functions as scripture for the Jewish community
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the oldest surviving Jewish synagogue in the United States
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| the first amendment made to the US constitution; included the clauses that are generally associated with freedom of religion and the separation of church and state |
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| The clause in the first amendment that mandates that government shall not become entangled in religious affairs; often interpreted as a separation of church and state |
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| a clause within the first amendment that says any person has the right to practice their religion free from persecution |
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| the four part test of law that was often used historically to determine if the EC had been broken; has since been rejected by the Supreme Court as too broad an interpretation of the spirit of the first amendment |
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| the section of the constitution wherein is contained the mandate that no religious test should be given to a member of a public office |
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| Government under God or God’s emissary |
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| radical position held by Christian groups that calls for a complete separation of religion from the secular state; views the state as a wicked product of the devil; named after founding charismatic leader Donatus |
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| Christians of a radical reformation in Europe whose descendents still reject many modern Christian practices; descendents include the Church of the Brethren, the Hutterites, the Old Order Amish and the Mennonites |
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John Courtney Murray, S.J. |
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| a Catholic theologian who argued for impartiality toward religion on behalf of the state instead of strong separation from the public |
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| an American protestant theologian; the first American proponent of the separation of church and state, and religious freedom; began the colony of Providence plantation, which provided a refuge for religious minorities |
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| a pioneer settler in Massachusetts who (without authorization) ministered to a small group that met over the Bible; eventually her teaching began to evolve into incorporating some of her own ideas and she was banished from the area; important to the study of religious freedom and women’s roles in early religion |
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| orator and politician who led the movement for independence in Virginia; famous for his “give me liberty or give me death” speech; opposed the constitution of the US, saying it took power away from the states |
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| word introduced by sociologist Max Weber; suggests a person is endowed with an extraordinary spiritual gift |
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the leader of the Branch Davidian religious sect (believed himself to be its final prophet), which ended with the deaths of 54 adults and 21 children
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the branch of religion that defends God’s goodness and justice in the face of evil
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the site of the “massacre” of just under a thousand people; they drank kool-aid mixed with cyanide and other deadly ingredients as an ultimate act of faith
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| a UFO based cult that committed mass suicide around the arrival of the Hale Comet, believing that there was a UFO following the comet that would collect their souls and take them to a higher place of existence |
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| in Greek mythology, he was the daemon personification of death |
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| the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion |
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| pioneered methods in the support and counseling of personal trauma and grief associated with dying; is the progenitor of the five stages of grief model, which has applications that expand well beyond just those things associated with death or serious loss |
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Five Stages of Grief Model |
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| the five areas of grief that each person individually must pass through in order to achieve peace with change; 1) denial 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression and 5) acceptance |
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