Term
|
Definition
| A form of fiscal federalism where federal aid is given to the states with few strings attached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Include project and formula grants and aim at assisting the states in areas such as health, income security, and education. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution giving Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with foreign countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begun under Richard Nixon and known as the new federalism, this approached stress the downsizing of the federal government and more reliance on revenue sharing, and grants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal rules attached to grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political system in which states or regional governments retain ultimate authority except for those powers that they expressly delegate to a central government. The United States was a Confederation from 1776-1787 under the Articles of Confederation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed during the New Deal, it is characterized by the federal government’s becoming more intrusive in what were traditionally state’s powers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed during President Lyndon Johnson’s administration, it was characterized by the Great Society programs, which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political theory of returning power to the states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The earliest type of relationship established between the federal government and the states where the federal government’s powers were defined as delegated and the state government’s powers were reserved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system in which sovereignty is shared so that on some matters the national government is supreme and on others the state, regional or provincial, governments are supreme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political system in which ultimate authority is shared between a central government and state or regional governments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal government to the states with specific conditions attached. The legislation can be in the form of mandates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal funds provided to states and localities. Grants-in-aid are typically provided for airports, highways, education, and major welfare services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federalism characterized by a national government exercising its power independently from state governments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as cooperative federalism, it developed during the New Deal and is characterized by the federal government’s becoming more intrusive in what was traditionally state’ powers |
|
|
Term
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
|
Definition
| Case that established the principal that the federal government was Supreme over the state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political theory first espoused by Richard Nixon and carried out by Ronald Reagan. New federalism advocates the downsizing of the federal government and the devolution of the power to the states. |
|
|
Term
| “Necessary and proper” clause |
|
Definition
| The final paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers. Sometimes called the “elastic clause” because of the flexibility that it provides Congress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory first advanced by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson that the states had the right to “nullify” a federal law that, in the state’s opinion, violated the Constitution. The theory was revived by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina in opposition to federal efforts to restrict slavery. The North’s victory in the Civil War determined once and for all that the federal union is indissoluble and that states cannot declare acts of Congress unconstitutional, a view later confirmed by the Supreme Court |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A law providing for the distribution of a fixed amount or share of federal tax revenues to the state’s for spending on almost any government purpose Distribution was intended to send more money to poorer, heavily taxed states and less to richer, lightly taxed ones. This program was ended in 1986. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supreme or ultimate political authority; a sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states without federal funds to support them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| System in which sovereignty is solely in the hands of the national government so that subnational political units are dependent on its will. |
|
|
