Term
| Americans With Disabilities Act (1991) |
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Definition
| Act that required employers, school, and public buildings to reasonably accommodate the physical needs of handicapped individuals by providing such things as ramps and elevators with appropriate facilities. |
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| The requirement, imposed by law or administrative regulation, that an organization (business firm, government agency, labor union, school, or college) take positive steps to increase the number or proportion of women blacks or other minorities in its membership. |
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| A friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men and women in the workplace. |
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| The application of equal protection under the law to individuals. |
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| Segregation of schools and other public facilities through circumstance with no law supporting it. |
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Definition
| Segregation by law, made illegal by Brown v. Board of Education. |
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Term
| Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions |
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Definition
| A doctrine very similar in nature to the Declaration of Independence for women’s rights. Listed a series of abuses such as government not allowing women to vote for laws they forced to submit to. |
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Term
| Equal Protection under the Law |
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Definition
| Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” |
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| Act that shifted the quota of immigrants to Europe and aimed to attract immigrants who were trained workers. |
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| Legislation that legalized segregation even after the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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| Nationalization of the Bill of Rights |
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Definition
| A judicial doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation. |
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Term
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Definition
| Case that ruled that states had the right to impose “separate but equal” facilities on its citizens as well create other laws that segregated the races. |
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Definition
| In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the fight for political suffrage and supported a doctrine called the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions . It became a rallying document in the fight for women’s rights |
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| The judicial precedent established in the Plessy v. Fergusen decision that enabled states to interpret the equal protection provision of the Fourteenth Amendment as a means of establishing segregation. |
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| The right to vote guaranteed to African Americans in the Fourteenth Amendment and women in the Nineteenth Amendment. |
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| Classifications of people on the basis of their race and ethnicity. The courts have ruled that laws classifying people on these grounds will be subject to “strict scrutiny.” |
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| Nonviolent civil disobedience |
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Definition
| A philosophy of opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully violating it and allowing oneself to be punished as a result. |
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| The standard by which the Supreme Court judges classification based on race. To be accepted, such a classification must be closely related to a “compelling” public purpose. |
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| A doctrine that would require salaries to be determined by the “worth” of the job, not by what it commands in the market. |
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| Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people. |
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Term
| Equality of opportunities |
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Definition
| A view that it is wrong to use race or sex either to discriminate against or give preferential treatment to blacks or women. |
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| An action designed to help members of disadvantaged groups, especially minorities and women, catch up, usually by giving them extra education, training, or services. |
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